Critique Of My Ipc Class - 954 Words

IV. Critique the Theory In my IPC class we discussed five criteria for evaluating theories and those are: scope, testability, parsimony, utility, and heuristic value. Scope refers to how much does the theory describe and explain. The theory describes and explains its rules-based system fairly clearly, although I feel that the rules are a little vague and should be more in depth to have a better understanding for the readers. On the other hand, it explains the main idea of the theory extremely well, very easy to relate to and understand. Testability asks is it testable. This theory is definitely testable, I found numerous studies and experiments examining this theory and the studies were very accurate and brought up valid points. You can see that being informed prior to the study about this theory dramatically changes the results of these experiments compared to participants that haven’t even heard of it and know nothing about it at all. Parsimony is asking is it approp riately simple to understand, describing, explaining, and predicting future events. The best theories are appropriately simple and therefore are more well known and widely used. CPM theory was very simple to understand especially as a freshman in college it really appealed to me because it is so evident in my life right now. The explanation on the theory was very simple to perceive, and the theory directly gave all of the details in ten to twelve easy to understandShow MoreRelatedRe Thinking Queer Bodies Through Law1412 Words   |  6 Pagesqueer subject. The colonial administration created the category of the queer subject as a result of governance, i.e. through the adoption of Indian Penal Code (‘IPC’) in 1860. Section 377 of the IPC criminalized sexual offense against the order of nature (non-procreative sex). The paper historically draws out Section 377 of the IPC. Through a close reading of the judgment the paper focuses on analysing the limits that the law p oses to a discussion of sexuality. The paper, while recognising theRead MoreEssay on Digital Media and Society5371 Words   |  22 PagesFinal exam study Digital Media and Society Week 1 What this class is about†¦ * Humans exchanging meaning * Through messages, by innovating using devices originally intended for corporate and government data management... computers * The debates about emerging media * How these debates are important to you profession development * You are a†¦ knowledge worker Field labels * New communication technology * New media * Digital media Article: how is work changingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmigration numbers is a challenging task. Records of long-distance migration are much more readily available than of short-distance and domestic migrations. But even many long-distance moves—such as those by ship passengers not traveling in third class or steerage—were not categorized as migration. Others were not recorded at all. In some cases, authorities did not have the interest or capacity to keep semiaccurate records; in others, migrants purpose- WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH

Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1061 Words

Throughout Pride and Prejudice (1813) the character of Elizabeth â€Å"Lizzie† comparatively differs from that of her mother, Mrs. Bennet and her younger sister, Lydia. Elizabeth Bennet, Jane Austen’s protagonist was depicted as an intelligent, rebellious and nonconforming woman of the early nineteenth century; a likely prototype of the women’s libber before it became fashionable one hundred years later when women started demanding the right to vote. Intelligent in her own right, Elizabeth had her own thoughts and values and felt she should express herself when the occasion arose, when in fact it was not a socially acceptable trait for women to have in the early nineteenth century. Women, like children were to be seen and not heard. Despite the independent attitude she bore which gave off a disconcertment for her own or her family’s financial wellbeing, â€Å"Lizzie†, ended up conforming to the role expected of her as a woman of her time by agre eing to marry the one man she swore she would never dance with, Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth’s mother Mrs. Bennet was the humorous epitome of a stereotypical middle class woman of the late eighteen hundreds England. She was considered by those in higher statuses as lower class; her loud boisterous behavior lacked a certain ladylike refinement of the upper classes that Mrs. Bennet herself strived for her daughters to attain through marriage. The character of Mrs. Bennet reflected the adherence to the expected roles of women in her time.Show MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. 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Taxation - Theory - Practice and Law Income and Earning

Question: Describe about the Taxation, Theory, Practice and Law for Income and Earning. Answer: Case Study 1- Residence and Source As per the given case study, Fred shall be taxed on the grounds of being a resident in Australia and as he has resided for more than 11 months before he returned back to England. Due to this fact, his income and earnings from France at the time of his employment in England will also be considered for the purpose of Australian tax assessment. Due to the intricacies involved in the assessment of the issues of the residency, it is likely stay dependent upon the individual personal situations. Although it has to be considered that one cannot put much emphasis on the importance of lucidity in the subject of residency and the immigrants seeking suitable advice in advance of a particular undertaking of the contract or business venture. During the tax evaluation, Fred is considered as the primary resident of Australia being given the fact he has resided for more than 183 days. As per the taxation rules any migrant residing in Australia for more than 183 days either sporadically or incessantly is liable to be taxed. It has to be also noted that Fred holds a lease 12 months. It is also seen that Fred stayed with his wife during that period before returning to his local place due to ailing conditions. As per Australian taxation agency, an individual can only be excluded from tax only when he/she has satisfied the conditions of dwelling outside Australia. The law also states that the person must not have any intention of taking up residence. As per the domicile test, it has been observed that taxation ruling no. IT 2650clearly states that the individuals national state is the place where individual is born until he or she migrates to a separate country and adopts a domicile of their personal choice. According to the case study Fred is a resident of Britain and intends to operate his business in Australia. However in terms of his tenure of stay it is not sufficient as he resided in Australia for more than 11 months and took a house on lease for period exceeding 12 months returning to his native place due to ill health. Based on the aforementioned conditions the residential status of Fred is considered based on his stay at Australia and the residency test further provides the information that the liability of taxes dependent on the situations of his stay. It has to be also noted that if a person comes back to his place of origin then the regularity, occurrence and that tenure concerning those trips can become an important factor. In case the primary reasons for an individuals absence from Australia is due to business, then this fact is not enough to support the claims that the person is not an inhabitant. Moreover, the ties with his family and business in Australia, Fred is liable to be taxed under the Income Tax Act. Case study 2 Ordinary Income I. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The case considers the problems related to realization of capital assets and the scope of exploitation of earnings from sale of property for the presence of minerals in form of capital or ordinary income. Law: the different types of ruling procedure provides a uniform direction in determining whether income of the company is as a result of the profit generated from isolated dealings under subsequent25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Arthur 2016). The main components of the isolated transactions are: Such transactions which are included to non-business taxpayers and; Transactions which are outside the ordinary course of business of a tax payer with respect to individual carrying out trade and commerce activities Outcome: As stated by Arthur (2016), the outcome of such a situation states that the taxpayer has to be assessed based on profit generated from the sale of land. These profits are considered as income in nature. It has to be further noted that the taxpayer intended to generate profit by selling the land. Hence, it indicates that the taxpayer never had a sufficient amount of funds to perform mining activities in the land. As per the statement given by Lord of justice, it has to be understood that the owner of an ordinary investment has the choice to realize it so that it taxpayer may act in a higher price when the acquisition is done on it enhanced price and not based on profit. It has been stated as per Sense of Schedule D of the Income Tax Act of 1842, which is further assessable to the income tax act (Mares and Queralt 2015). I. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The aforementioned case takes into consideration several issues, which we are identified as the result of his net income. The case also considers whether any sale of land or subdivision has been used for the purpose of mining activities, which were assessable in form of the realization of capital or in form of ordinary income. Law: Capital Gains Tax: As per the law given by capital gains tax, the gains or loss can be realized if a CGT event takes place or due to any capital gains from assets. As stated under section 108-5(1) of the income tax assessment act 1997 that the origin of capital gains is described as any form of legal equitable right or a property that is not recognized as a property (Samuel 2013). Outcomes: The decision approved by the authority can be cited as the proposition of meager realization of an asset as in an enterprising way on capital. It is to be further understood that the report by common law states that the case prolonged for two days for hearing furthermore the judgment took six days. Additionally, it can be understood that there cannot be a long factual inquiry made into the several activities of the taxpayer or the extensive nature of disputes regarding the accounting and other problems associated with the case. The outcome further indicates that the substantial commercial exercise was a mere capital assets realization (Barnett and Harder 2014). II. FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR The following case study takes into consideration whether the taxpayer was assessable as per the norms of profit on sales of subdivided land listed under section 25(1) or 26(a) or whether it was an incidence of realization of the capital assets. Law: The directions given as per this law offers in determination of proceedings which have occurred from Isolated transactions which are treated as income or assessable under subsection 25 (1) of the Income Tax Act Assessment Act 1936 (Fleischer 2015). On the contrary the rulings is not accountable for application of section 25 A of the capital gains and capital losses under provision (Part IIIA) or Division of Part III. Outcomes: Based on the verdict given by Wilson JJ, Murohy, Gibbs CJ and Mason it was noted that the taxpayer where assessable on the ground of profits which was generated as a result of sale of land as stated under section 25 (1). The High Court further clarified that the profit had exceeded the boundary of realizing a capital asset and the activities, which are constituted in carrying out the business activities based on the land development. The profit sourced from the sale of land was assessable under the second limb of section 26 (a) as a form of profit taking place by any scheme or undertaking. Although as per the statement given by Mason J and Gibbs, the second limb is only operational when section 25 (1) does not take into consideration the profit sourced from gross income (Burke 2016). The outcome is further noted by profits, which was to be computed after subtraction from the gross proceeds as a result of relevant sales value of the land on a specific date when it was ventured in land development business of the taxpayer. III. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The aforementioned case relates to questioning of the proceedings which is received as a result of sale of its subdivided lots constituting assessable income either are under listed as per section 25 (1) or 26 (a). Law: Assessable income: As stated by Davison et al. (2016), the selling activities from the origin of the acquired subdivided land was used for the purpose of farming along with proceeds derived from carrying on a business represented any kind of sheer realization of the assets. Outcomes: As per the rulings of federal court the net proceeds sourced from the selling of subdivided land did not constitute of assessable income under section 25 (1) or 26 (a). As per the statement given by Hartigan JJ, Woodward and Lockhart it was further observed that the mere realization of asset with the profit does not mandatorily provide the taxable profit. It was further stated by them that the profit must take place as a result of carrying out business undertaking (Ricketson et al. 2012). Hence, it has to be noted that the mere degree of realization is not responsible for converting it into a business unit are schemes however the amount of realization activities must be taken into account while accessing the nature of undertakings as per (ATC p 4075). IV. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 As per the given case study, it shows the determination of profit arise out of selling of subdivision parts of property which is assessable either under section 25(1) or 25A (Horngren et al. 2013). Law: The aforementioned case falls under the purview of assessable income which outlines the sales of subdivided land obtained initially and utilized for the purpose of farming (Bently and Sherman 2014). The law further questions whether the profits have occurred from the various types of business activities or it is any form of mere realization of the capital assets. Outcomes: As per the rulings of federal court, the earnings were not derived out of any form of commercial subdivision of property or any form of profit making undertaking or scheme. As per the court rulings, it was stated that the profit were sourced from a part of realization of capital asset of the taxpayer. It was further derived from the case that the taxpayer was always involved in conducting his business activities related to fencing and farming along with his sons and wife. However, as per the rulings of the case he did not attempt to bring any sort of action view into the accountability as a partnership asset (Hart Clark and Fazzani 2013). It was also observed the taxpayer did not seek any claim for the business expenses in form of interest, which was taken to repay the various types of cost related to sub divisional overheads. The court further fostered the verdict by stating that the action view was obtained by the taxpayer with the motive of primary production that no profit from s ales is assessable in accordance with the first limb of Section 25A (1). The court further ruled that neither of the second limb of the subsections had any applications as the sales did not take place during the course of carrying on with the profit undertaking scheme. V. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 As per the aforementioned case study questions on the viability of section 25 (1) or 26 (a) include the taxpayer assessable income with respect to the amount obtained by taxpayer as a result of the subtraction of the relevant cost to derive the profit as a result of selling of land. Law: The High Court ruled that the guidance in determination of the profit generated from the individual income as to whether they are assessable under section 25(1) of the income tax Assessment Act 1936 (Morse 2013). Although it has to be noted that the rulings did not consider the applicability of section 25A which is as a result of taxpayers capital gains are capital losses under division 6A of Part III are under provision of (Part IIIA) (Fuest et al. 2013). Outcomes: The outcomes generated from various types of court rulings states that the amount received from the taxpayers was because of isolated transactions. The associated relevant profit was further taken into account as income in terms of general concept which is in compliance with the decision passed by High Court in FC of T v The Emporium LTD 87 ATC 4363 and hence it is constituted as assessable income under section 25(1) (Dwyer et al. 2013). As per the given case study, the taxpayers also acquired the land in order to work as well as the sand the land and further sell it to earn profit (Palan, Murphy, and Chavagneux 2013). It was further noted that the profit was generated from restarting of the land activities by the course production board which still formed a part of the assessable profit notwithstanding with the fact that taxpayer had no intentions to dispose the land in the initial stage. It was rather observed that the taxpayer sold the land as and when it became ideal enough for s ubdivision. As per the rulings of the court the profit was also assessable as per second limbs of section 26 (a) as it was derived from the execution of profit-making scheme are undertaking (Morse 2013). VI. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The aforementioned case study questions on the applicability of subsection 25 (1) or section 26 (a) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 which shows the operability to include the various factors of assessable income of the taxpayers profit derived from selling off land activities near Hobart (Deegan 2012). Law: Assessable income: The rulings of the law states that the sale of subdivided land was acquired and used for purpose of farming along with the different types of proceeds generated from carrying on a business activity are illustration of meager realization of capital assets Outcomes: As per the decision stated for the case it was clear that the property was utilized in form of a mine for a longer tenure than it was used as a farming business as given in the case. The different types of rulings of the court further suggested that the taxpayer was involved in boring activities for the purpose of purchasing five large blocks of land and subsequently conducting farming activities on the same. It was also observed that at a later stage, the taxpayer decided to sell off some portion of the land and hence he was assessable on the profit for carrying on business relating to development of the land. VII. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The given case questions on the profit accumulated because of sale of land which is assessable under section 25 (1). Law: Assessable income: the law as per the assessable income clearly states that the taxpayers are evaluated under the section 25 (1) of the Income Tax Assessable Act 1936 on the profit from the sale of land. Based on this it was derived as a profit making undertaking scheme (Corones 2014). Although it should be noted that this particular, section is not applicable for sale of property which is acquired on or after 20 September 1985. Outcomes: The outcomes as per the law clearly reflects that the taxpayers had a blood relationship off being a brother and both of them use their own funds and credits financed from bank for the purpose of purchasing land on which their house was built. On the other hand it was observed that the taxpayers cleared their old house for the purpose of constructing three townhouses on the same area of land. As per the rulings of the court, it was stated that if a property acquired during the course of commercial dealing or business with an intention to generate profit from the development of sale, then that venture shall not be considered as an investment. The rule of the court further states that the profit accumulated forms a part of the income [sec 25 (1)] (Campbell 2013). The rulings of the court further states that the in such a situation the taxpayer is considered under the purview of commercial dealings. Hence the taxpayers were not carrying a business activity and the profit derived from tr ansaction that can be considered as a commercial dealings (Sidhu and Christie 2015). Reference List Arthur, G., 2016. Tax files: Taxation duties of executors. Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia), 38(2), p.28. Barnett, K. and Harder, S., 2014. Remedies in Australian Private Law. Cambridge University Press. Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014. Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Burke, K.C., 2016. Taxing Risky and Non-Risky Compensation: Section 707 (a)(2)(A). Journal of Taxation of Investments, 33(4). Campbell, D., 2013. International joint ventures. Juris Publishing, Inc.. Cohen-Kurzrock, B.A., 2015. What's It Worth to You-A Brief Evaluation of the 2016 Greenbook Consistency in Valuations for Transfer and Income Tax Proposal. HLRe: Off Rec., 6, p.99. Corones, S., 2014. Sector-specific regimes. Thomson Reuters Lawbook Co. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2016. Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R. and Hoque, S., 2013. Economic impacts of a carbon tax on the Australian tourism industry. Journal of travel research, 52(2), pp.143-155. Fleischer, V., 2015. Two and Twenty Revisited: Taxing Carried Interest as Ordinary Income Through Executive Action Instead of Legislation. Available at SSRN 2661623. Fuest, C., Spengel, C., Finke, K., Heckemeyer, J. and Nusser, H., 2013. Profit shifting and'aggressive'tax planning by multinational firms: Issues and options for reform. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (13-044). Hart, T., Clark, S. and Fazzani, L., 2013. Intellectual property law. Palgrave Macmillan. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Mares, I. and Queralt, D., 2015. The non-democratic origins of income taxation. Comparative Political Studies, 48(14), pp.1974-2009. Morse, S.C., 2013. Startup Ltd.: Tax Planning and Initial Incorporation Location. Fla. Tax Rev., 14, p.319. Palan, R., Murphy, R. and Chavagneux, C., 2013. Tax havens: How globalization really works. Cornell University Press. Ricketson, S., Richardson, M. and Davison, M., 2012. Intellectual property: cases, materials and commentary. LexisNexis Butterworths. Samuel, G., 2013. Law of Obligations Legal Remedies. Routledge. Sidhu, R.K. and Christie, P., 2015. Transnational higher education as a hybrid global/local space: A case study of a Malaysian-Australian joint venture. Journal of Sociology, 51(2), pp.299-316.

Sustainable Management of Forest

Question: Discuss about theSustainable Management of Forest. Answer: Introduction: Contemporary Sustainability Measures can Serve as the Ultimate Tool in Reviving the Balance Between Development and Environment. Human civilization has transformed in ways unimagined by the virtue of trans-global urbanization and the nature has paid the price of it. The alarmingly increasing rate of natural disasters is the ripe evidence of this emerging issue (Higman, 2013). Time has come for the society to take heed of the repercussion of uncontrolled developmental procedures that has affected the natural balance of our environment. Sustainable management of the forest can be defined as the use of forestlands and resources in a manner and rate that maintains the biodiversity, yield and regeneration capacity. (Long and Mock, 2012). This report attempts to highlight three contemporary takes to sustainable forest management and evaluate the pros and cons of it. Selection Cutting: Sustainable forest management has expanded significantly ever since its onset in the 1990s (Kant and Albert Berry, 2005). Selection cutting method aids in the managing the continued growth of several age classes of trees within a particular stand. (Hahn and Knoke, 2010). Despite having few implementation issues, there are benefits that elevates the status of selective cutting, some of them are: Uneven-aged stands usually exhibit higher level of vertical structure that is preferred by various species of birds and mammals. These stands facilitate higher carbon sequestration levels Uneven aged stands are known to produce a higher level of concentrated flow of market and nonmarket woodland resources than even aged stands (Pelleetier et al., 2017). Timber undoubtedly is a valuable and irreplaceable resource, and there will always be need for it. Selective cutting assures the discretion in uprooting trees, and ensures that the particular species has a chance to reseed itself. It also allows better yields to know which trees to log, and which ones to leave out (Higman, 2013). One example of selection cutting can be the Canadian author on alternative forestry, Merve Wilkinson (Van gadow, Pukkala and Tome, 2012). According to him, he could harvest over 1670000 board feet of wood from his own property using selective logging. Research suggests that he could elevate annual growth percentage by 10 % due to selective logging; this example itself validates the viability of the procedure (Duncker et al., 2012). Strip Cutting: Strip cutting is a method of clear cutting that explains the practice of cutting down all stems in a row that attempts to minimize the possibility of wind-throw. This natural forest management technique clear-cuts the narrow strips alternating with every harvest cycle of 40 years (Mori, Lertzman and Gungstafsson, 2016). This method has mostly been utilized in Canada and Northern Alberta in a few forest sites with black spruce boreal forests. Strip clear-cut can be of two types: Alternate strip clear cutting: This technique has two stages, the initial stage produces narrow clearcuts with leave-strips in between, the next stage is after regeneration of first-pass strips (Higman, 2013). Progressive strip clear cutting: This method is almost similar to the alternate striping with just more pass stages than the alternate method The advantages of strip clear cut might not be as much as selection cutting, some of the benefits of strip cuttings are the ease of harvesting as the method only requires harvesting by removing several strips rather than an entire stand with just the restriction of time and expense (Pelletier et al., 2017). Reduction in Road Building in Uncut Forest Areas: Deforestation has taught the world the lesson by the virtue of increasing rate of natural disasters every day. In order to generate more connected communication across the world, each and every strip of land is now connected by roads. However, road building into old growth uncut areas has more cons than pros (Higman, 2013). Different countries have different regulations upon road construction in uncut forests and all these regulations heavily depend on the societal and political aspects of the respective countries, but they all have similar objectives (Pelletier et al., 2017). The increasing rate of road kills and habitat fragmentation has prompted the authority to enforce strict regulations on woodland roadconstruction and many forest roads have been blocked in dense regions. There are some pros to the legislations, Evidence suggests that more than 1 million wild animals are killed in a day due to road accidents all over the world, reduction in road construction in the uncut forest areas will significantly decrease the road kill stats (Von Gadow et al., 2012). Habitat fragmentation is a major concern of the environmentalists and reduction in excessive road construction will reduce the severe risk of biodiversity loss due to habitat fragmentation. Studies suggest that a large number of avian species change their habitat course due to their road aversion tendencies. Reduction of road construction will also ensure a limitation in the soil erosion and will diminish the possibility of disturbance to the forest areas (Von Gadow et al., 2012). On another hand, there are certain cons to the concept as well: Forest products contribute a large chunk to the economy of the nations concerned and the lack of connectivity to the forest can serve as a hurdle in the path of proper utilization of the forest products (Brack, 2014). Timber still is the major resource of human society and the loss of connectivity to the forests will damage the timber industry drastically. The survival of indigenous population in many countries depends on the forest resources and complete disconnection from the forest will inflict profound damage to their lives (Von Gadow et al., 2012). Use of Certified Timber: Timber certification can be defined as the process that validates the timber raw material and its quality standards via sets of quality assessment procedures (Brack, 2014).. The policy has been designed to check the forest management standards of the traders and correlate their management practices to the government standards (Kitayama, 2013). The concept of forest management targets ton main sectors, certifying sustainable forestry practices that includes various sustainability practices like forest inventory planning, silviculture, harvesting, road construction regulations and certifying the product itself. Undoubtedly, the objective of timber certification is to link the consumers with environmental awareness with the products and this policy can be the ultimate tool in establishing sustainable forestry worldwide (Duncker et al., 2012). Consumers are aware of the environmental implication of excessive industrialization now more than ever; with the correct strategic approach, the certified timber policy can change the scenario, Certified timber can significantly change the purchase pattern in the customers by comparing the products on the basis of their environmental attributes (Brack, 2014). Producer behavior can also be changed with strict regulations imposed and periodic evaluations that mandates certified timber policy. The cost benefit of premium products can be raised which will benefit the producers and will encourage the producers more to adopt the certified timber policy (Brack, 2014). Many agencies are already adapting to the current market scenario and have incorporated certified timber policy in their arsenal like Australian choice timber and Vicforest. The UK based PEFC have mandated the use of certified timber policy and that has only seen positive results (Brack, 2014). Canada has also succeeded in successfully implementing certified timber policy in many sectors and many other countries have now started to follow their footsteps. Conclusion: Ecosystem runs on balance and that balance is vital for the survival of each and every species in the world. Loss of biodiversity does not just mean the extinction of particular species, it has profound effects on the survival and viability of the existing ones. The nature has already lost a large chunk due to the unwarranted human activities, and it is critical now that we start remedying those blunders. Sustainable forest management has emerged like a blessing at the time of need, which can restore the ecological balance that we have deliberately destroyed. Numerous viable and contemporary methods as mentioned above are now coming up, utilizing which we can reach the stage where the nature is no longer suffocated by the toxic fumes of development. Recommendation: This report has discussed three contemporary sustainable forest management policies and has highlighted the benefits and pitfalls of each. Theses disadvantages can be overcome by some strategic actions, such as, Silviculture is undoubtedly a flexible tool in sustainable forestry but careful action needs to be taken so that these measures are utilized without exploitations. Benefits of regulations on reduction of woodland road construction are being outweighed by the disadvantages, discretion is required that ensures optimum utilization of the forest resources without disturbing the ecosystem in any manner. Lastly, certified timber policy has emerged as a blessing in disguise with sole restriction of expense, with strategic government actions this restriction can be overcome as well. ReferenceList: Brack, Duncan., 2012. "Promoting legal and sustainable timber: using public procurement policy."Research Paper. London: Chatham House. Available at https://? www.? chathamhouse.? org/publication/promoting-legal-and-sustainable-timber-using-public-procurement-policy Duncker, Philipp S., et al. 2012."Classification of forest management approaches: a new conceptual framework and its applicability to European forestry."Ecology and Society17.4. Hahn, W. Andreas., and Thomas Knoke. 2010. "Sustainable development and sustainable forestry: analogies, differences, and the role of flexibility."European Journal of Forest Research129.5 (2010): 787-801. Higman, Sophie. 2012. The sustainable forestry handbook: a practical guide for tropical forest managers on implementing new standards. Earthscan, 2013. Kant, Shashi., and R. Albert Berry. 2005. "Economics, Sustainability, and Natural Resources." Kitayama, Kanehiro. 2013. "Co-benefits of Sustainable ForestryEcological Studies of a Certified Bornean Rain Forest."International Forestry Review15 Long, James N., and Karen Mock. 2012. "Changing perspectives on regeneration ecology and genetic diversity in western quaking aspen: implications for silviculture."Canadian Journal of Forest Research42.12 Mori, Akira S., Kenneth P. Lertzman., and Lena Gustafsson. 2016. "Biodiversity and ecosystem services in forest ecosystems: a research agenda for applied forest ecology."Journal of Applied Ecology. Pelletier, David, et al. 2017. "Forest Connectivity Regions of Canada Using Circuit Theory and Image Analysis."PLOS ONE12.2: e0169428. Von Gadow, Klaus., Timo Pukkala, and Margarida Tom. 2012. eds.Sustainable forest .management. Vol. 1. Springer Science Business Media.

Human resource Challenge Performance Evaluations

Introduction Human resource management is very critical in all companies because it qualifies to be the only department in a company that deals with control and management of human beings who are the most sensitive creatures. Getting a chance of declaring a particular department as effective or ineffective in an organization calls for strategies of measuring its performance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human resource Challenge: Performance Evaluations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There should be indicators and deliverables that a department like HR has to meet so as to gauge its progress concerning meeting the goals and objectives of the particular company. However, the department faces a challenge of ineffective performance evaluation. Most managers have become reluctant in performing these instructions because they constitute a normal process in the company to them. This leniency has led to late perform ance evaluations, which are against the principles of performance evaluation. The study will identify this evident problem of ineffective performance evaluation in organizations. It will also discuss Kotter’s change model in an attempt to show how it can resolve the problem. Besides, it will describe the steps to deal with the issue. Identification of the Problem Ineffective performance evaluation system brings a big challenge to the human resource management. Performance evaluation is a tool used to assist in advancing the efficiency of job. It ensures that workers do their work efficiently and effectively. Proper performance evaluation system controls the job that needs to be performed. It advances workers’ morale to work, dedication, and performance. It also helps to identify the goals and objectives for the workers besides ensuring that the basic needs for any organization are met. The main importance of proper performance evaluation is that it gives a chance for t ransparent communication about performance expectations and feedback to know the wants of the workers’ bosses and to boost their own performance for individual gains. Workers appreciate feedback, which is given on time and in a non-threatening state. Ineffective performance system affects the management of human resource through untimely evaluations. Ineffective performance evaluation leads to low productivity of employees and inefficiency in work. It also demoralizes the employees because they know that no one is entrusted with their operations at the end of the day. HRM is a very critical department in the company because it deals with workers who are also the determinants of success of that very company. It is wise to manage them well and or ensure that they attain job satisfaction in the organization. This goal is achievable through elimination of the ineffective performance evaluation systems and introducing proper performance appraisal strategies, which enable the achie vement of timely evaluation decisions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With this hint in mind, many researchers have sought to come up with strategies that can help minimize HR challenges such as the issue under scrutiny. Such people including Kurt Lewin and John Kotter invented models that could be employed to lead change in organizations. While the former researcher invented the ‘unfreeze-move-freeze’ model, the latter is the author of the most preferred model that forms the basis of the paper: Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model (Nauheimer, 2009). Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model Kotter’s change model can play a big role in solving the issue of ineffective performance evaluation. The first step of Kotter is the creation of urgency. This step argues that, for any change to take place, it is important for all the members of a company to acknowledge it . Market and aggressive facts should be checked. Identification of potential crisis or major opportunities is crucial. This step urges companies to avail confirmation from outside the organization that performance evaluation is necessary and a matter of urgency that will win the interest of the whole company hence making the process achievable. The second step of Kotter’s model is forming a powerful coalition or the leading team (Nauheimer, 2009). This strategy can be of much help to eliminate the problem of late evaluation. It is good to convince people that evaluation is necessary. It needs support from key people in the company. Since one person cannot manage the process of evaluation, it is important for the head to form a lineup of people who are influential to accomplish the task together. The third step in Kotter’s model is the formulation of a vision for change. This step is very vital in performance evaluation. It enables people to remain focused to the proces s of evaluation. Many great ideas and solutions start flowing around when mangers have the change they need at heart. Therefore, for the evaluation to be grasped and remembered by the managers, it has to be linked to the overall vision. Companies need to see the essence of timely evaluations relative to their goals and objectives. An untimely evaluation might lead to the closure of an organization especially if the evaluation reveals that the company is out of track. The whole issue will be blamed to HR. Moreover, a plan to implement the vision of the evaluation process should be created. This plan will ensure that the vision is achieved. After the creation of the vision, it is advisable to communicate the vision. According to Kotter’s model, success in the company is determined by what is done with the vision after it is thought of by the managers. As Nauheimer (2009) posits, managers should communicate and talk about the vision of the performance evaluation in every availab le chance to enable members to consider timely evaluation a priority.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human resource Challenge: Performance Evaluations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every need to administer a change in an organization faces oppositions from those who might not be for the change. Such oppositions cite reasons such as finance and timing as obstacles behind the change. Kotter’s fifth step therefore addresses the removal of such obstacles or rather coming up with an empowering strategy (Nauheimer, 2009). This step is very crucial in performance evaluation because it recognizes and awards all people in the company who support performance evaluation to enable them continue with the morale. It also helps in removal of the barriers, which hinder the vision of performance evaluation from being achieved. Formation of short-lived wins as a step in Kotter’s change model assists in the issue of performance evaluation because an overall evaluation vision may take long to be realized hence discouraging people. It is advisable to let the staff see the results of the change and feel the victory of the evaluation process in the shortest period. After ensuring that the staff people experience short-term wins, building the change should be considered a priority at this stage. Kotter’s seventh step believes that true change runs deep because most of the projects tend to collapse due to an early declaration of victory. It is therefore important to analyze what has to be improved and or what went right after every success to ensure that the performance evaluation is following the right track. The last Kotter’s step is to fasten the changes in a business culture (Nauheimer, 2009). This strategy is very beneficial in the performance evaluation because it will ensure that performance evaluation becomes one of the values in the company, and that it will always remain i n the minds of every staff member hence ensuring sustainability of the performance evaluation. The steps to be taken to deal with the issue of ineffective performance evaluation system There are several steps, which should be taken to ensure that there is effective performance evaluation. The first step is the reviewing of progress whereby the HR should look at the previous evaluation for deficiencies in performance in an attempt to confirm if they have been corrected or whether they continue to be a problem. If they continue to be an issue, they have to be noted in the evaluation to enable the creation of urgency for the continued problems as elaborated by the Kotter’s change model. The next step in conducting effective performance is the analysis, which is important for identification of gaps between the anticipated and actual performance. After the identification of the training need, a leader can form a coalition or a team, which enables him or her to execute the evaluati on process. The next step in effective performance evaluation is analyzing the root of the gaps.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Actual performance falls short of expected performance and that management assumes that employees must try harder. It is very important â€Å"to analyze the reason for a gap between the expected and the actual performance† (Nauheimer, 2009). This information will enable development of the performance evaluation vision, which will always guide the staff member to remain dedicated to the process of evaluation. After the analysis of the causes of the gaps, the following step is the evaluation meeting. The meeting should be scheduled with employees in the performance evaluation. At this meeting, employees should be at ease. The evaluation vision is communicated and employees’ views listened to and put into consideration. Strategies and tactics to be used in the performance evaluation should be well tested. It is important to note that not all performance evaluation methods work equally well in every organization. One should consider the class of workers to be appraised i.e . â€Å"managers vs. non-managers, the types of jobs they perform, the nature of the relationship between employees and managers, and the purpose the evaluation intends to serve† (Nauheimer, 2009). Conclusion In conclusion, ineffective performance evaluation attracts a very great challenge to human resource through untimely appraisals and late evaluation decisions. However, this paper has discussed Kotter’s change model and its implications in the improvement of the performance evaluation system. The paper has also discussed the steps, which will be involved in coming up with an effective performance evaluation. After the application of the steps, a company will be able to experience successful change and never to experience any other late evaluations. This paper has focused on performance evaluation management, which will ensure that there are zero late performance evaluations moving forward. This management process will induce companies to come up with better perform ance evaluation systems, which will enable managers to do the performance evaluations on time hence enabling the HR management department also to organize the employees in a better and recommendable way. It will also be beneficial to the company at large because the weakest worker of that the company determines its strength. Moreover, a company is made up of employees. If they are well managed, there is a high and efficient productivity. Reference Nauheimer, H. (2009). Change Model 3: John Kotter’s 8 Steps of Leading Change. Web. This essay on Human resource Challenge: Performance Evaluations was written and submitted by user Amanda Mcgee to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mendelevium Facts - Element 101 or Md

Mendelevium Facts - Element 101 or Md Mendelevium is a radioactive synthetic element with atomic number 101 and element symbol Md. It is expected to be a solid metal at room temperature, but since it is the first element that cant be produced in large quantities by neutron bombardment, macroscopic samples of Md have not been produced and observed. Here is a collection of facts about mendelevium: Mendelevium is a synthetic element that has not been detected in nature. It was produced in 1955 by bombarding the element einsteinium (atomic number 99) with alpha particles to produce mendelevium-256. It was produced by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Gregory Robert Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey, and Stanley G. Thompson at the University of California at Berkeley in 1955. Element 101 was the first element to be produced one atom at a time.According to Glenn Seaborg, the naming of the element was somewhat controversial. He said, We thought it fitting that there be an element named for the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, who had developed the periodic table. In nearly all our experiments discovering transuranium elements, wed depended on his method of predicting chemical properties based on the elements position in the table. But in the middle of the Cold War, naming an element for a Russian was a somewhat bold gesture that did not sit well with some American critics. Mendelevium wa s the first of the second hundred chemical elements. Seaborg requested and received permission to name the new element for a Russian from the U.S. government. The proposed element symbol was Mv, but the IUPAC changed the symbol to Md at their assembly in Paris in 1957. Mendelevium is produced by bombarding bismuth targets with argon ions, plutonium or americium targets with carbon or nitrogen ions, or einsteinium with alpha particles. Starting with einsteinium, femtogram samples of element 101 may be produced.Mendelevium properties are largely based on predictions and on the activity of homologous elements on the periodic table because bulk preparation of the element isnt possible. The element forms trivalent (3) and divalent (2) ions. These oxidation states have been shown experimentally in solution. The 1 state has been reported, as well. The density, state of matter, crystal structure, and melting point have been estimated based on the behavior of nearby elements on the table. In chemical reactions, mendelevium behaves much like other radioactive transition metals and sometimes like an alkaline earth metal.At least 16 isotopes of mendelevium are known, which have mass numbers ranging from 245 to 260. All of them are radioactive and unstable. The longest-lived isotope is Md-258, which has a half-life of 51.5 days. Five nuclear isotopes of the element are known. The most important isotope for research, Md-256, decays via electron capture about 90% of the time and alpha decay otherwise. Because only small amounts of mendelevium can be produced and its isotopes have short half-lives, the only uses for element 101 are scientific research into the elements properties and for the synthesis of other heavy atomic nuclei.Mendelevium serves no biological function in organisms. Its toxic because of its radioactivity. Mendelevium Properties Element Name: mendeleviumElement Symbol: MdAtomic Number: 101Atomic Weight: (258)Discovery: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - USA (1955)Element Group: actinide, f-blockElement Period: period 7Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f13  7s2  (2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2)Phase: predicted to be a solid at room temperatureDensity:  10.3  g/cm3  (predicted near room temperature)Melting Point:  1100  K  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(827  Ã‚ °C, ​1521  Ã‚ °F)  (predicted)Oxidation States:  2,  3Electronegativity: 1.3 on the Pauling scaleIonization Energy:  1st:  635  kJ/mol (estimated)Crystal Structure: face-centered cubic (fcc) predicted Sources Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B.; Choppin, G.; Thompson, S.; Seaborg, G. (1955). New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101. Physical Review. 98 (5): 1518–1519.David R. Lide (ed),  CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions.Hulet, E. K. (1980). Chapter 12. Chemistry of the Heaviest Actinides: Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium. In Edelstein, Norman M.  Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry and Spectroscopy.

Were the policies followed at the beginning of Reconstruction the best Essay

Were the policies followed at the beginning of Reconstruction the best possible course of action for the United states - Essay Example This essay has examined the extent that policies followed at the beginning of Reconstruction were the best possible courses of action for the United States. In this context of understanding it’s demonstrated that the United States enacted varying degrees of policies that considered the reintegration of southern states into the Union, as well as civil rights policies that aided African Americans. While there are varying degrees of effectiveness in these policies, it’s clear that in large part the inclusive stance adopted by the American government was successful. In addition, while the government was lax in allowing for oppressive social policies, to a degree they had to adopt this stance because of the divided socio-cultural Reconstruction climate. There were a variety of Reconstruction plans that emerged in the wake of the Civil War, each with varying degrees of stringency. The first and perhaps most influential reconstruction policy was Lincoln’s 10% Plan. This plan was lenient in that if a Confederate supporter took an oath to support the Union they received a pardon. In addition, if a state had 1/10 of their voting population support the Union, they were allowed back into it. Lincoln’s plan was generally effective in that it placed limited requirements on reentry into the Union. Still, other policies placed more restrictive measures. For instance, the Wade-Davis bill necessitated that if a majority of voters took an ‘iron clad’ oath to support the United States Constitution, then a new state convention would be held. Similarly, in this policy, anyone who had the rank of Colonel or high in the Confederacy could not become a United States citizen again. In large part these policies created a general state of discontentment and distrust in the South, as they believed that were being unfairly punished. After Lincoln’s assassination, Andrew John assumed the Presidency. While Johnson had previously favored restrictive reconstruction policies, upon assuming office his reconstruction plan pardoned all individuals unless they had over $20,000; he also indicated that Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana had fulfilled Lincoln’s 10% plan. Similar to Lincoln’s, these reconstruction policies were successful largely for their inclusive nature. Major debates emerged in terms of the extent that states should be readmitted into the Union and once again receive representation. It’s been noted that the overriding perspective on this matter was that â€Å"inasmuch as the lately insurgent States had no legal right to separate themselves from the Union, they still retain their positions as States, and consequently the people thereof have a right to immediate re presentation in Congress without the imposition of any conditions whatever† (‘odur’). A number of individuals voiced dissent to this perspective, arguing that as these states ceded from the Union with ease there should be substantial consideration in allowing them to rejoin the Union. Even as these are valid perspectives, it’s clear that encouraging an atmosphere of inclusivity was the most appropriate Reconstruction policy. In these regards, one considers that to a great degree the United States was experiencing a period of significant strife and division and it was necessary to create a period of goodwill and acceptance that would restore the Union. There are also a number of significant historical occurrences to the efficacy of this policy. Perhaps most notable is the understanding that the United States was founded on the right to representation and that withholding this from states would have run counter to core American values. One also considers the hardline stance that Europe and the United States took towards Germany in the period proceeding World War I, leading to much of the negative sentiment that fueled World War II. In addition to broad ranging policies that considered the nature of reintegration into the Union, some of the most prominent Reconstruction po

Relevance of Individualism in Life Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relevance of Individualism in Life Today - Essay Example Individuals past thoughts, decisions, and achievements as a success following self-reliance are different as time goes on whereby, other factors contribute towards individualisms such as sociology, western civilization, education, and region. These factors may limit individual’s self-reliance; hence, ideas from a specific person are limited in the society. However, the authors of the articles clearly indicate that is an important virtue in individuals’ lives today.Education is an important aspect of the life of individuals not only on the career perspective but also in recognition of personal weakness and strength in life, which eventually enhances individualism today in a positive way. In the essay of Emerson about self-reliance, it is evident that once a man gets educated, the sense of ignorance of own thoughts in life eventually reveals; hence an individual is able to accept the previous mistakes done because of ignorance. Notably in individuals’ life, it has been observed that ignorance is not because of illiteracy rather it is revealed by literacy for example an individual may ignore the effect of having unprotected sex due to friends influence but once educated on the effects associated, it helps to prevent any future incidence whereby individualism decision will prevail over the peer pressure. This indicates that education enhances individualism today in such a way that through the experiences and required knowledge in life, an individual thinks on his own for his own welfare and decision-making. making. Self-View And the World View In Relation To Individualism Toady The world has different views towards an individual’s problems and achievements with those that the specific person has on

Principles and Articles of the United States Essay

Principles and Articles of the United States - Essay Example The principle of checks and balances monitors all the branches of the government to ensure that each of the branches balances the government so that no one is powerful and supreme than the other. For instance, the judiciary interprets the policy or law, the executive implements the law and the legislature formulates the law. The U.S constitution was drafted in a unique manner of checks and balances to protect people’s liberty and rights against combination of government authority. It made legislature, judiciary and executive completely separate and autonomous as to work but coordinated for proper function with security to block usurpation of authority or power. When people talk about checks and balances in government, it is significant to understand the composition of the three branches of government that can act or amend another branch of the government to prevent it from possessing too much authority over the other branches (Hollitz, 2010). This system has proved to be effective in the U.S. For a long time, the U.S constitution has been analyzed, interpreted, and amended to conform and adapt to transforming circumstances, and the authority exercised by the federal or central government have transformed with it. For example, since the Federal or Central government can affect the States, it has t he right to hold back federal money from the States that do not desire to conform to the plans of the federal government. The constitution grants these powers to the federal government, which it has to exercise in moderation and not excessively (Hollitz, 2010). The system of checks and balances have functioned very well for a long time in America despite the fact that some clashes have occurred, when vetoes of certain branches of government have been overtaken or appointees declined, these cases are rare. The system has managed to keep the judiciary, executive and the legislature in balance, which has seen these branches attain a

Musics Effects On The Brain Music Essay

Musics Effects On The Brain Music Essay Music is a world renowned language that all can understand. From Australia to the deepest jungles of Africa, music is associated in peoples everyday lives. Music can be heard anywhere and everywhere: the grocery store, the gym, in the car, at work, at school, on the television, etc. Not only is music applied for entertainment but it can also be used for story telling, learning, religious rituals and medical therapy. Today, it is not uncommon for music to be used as a medicine for Parkinsons, Alzheimers, depression, anxiety, stroke-victim recovery, stress, memory loss, and mental well-being. Musics effect on the brain is a very profound and mysterious topic. It is said that music influences the process of thinking and analyzing, making work more enjoyable and efficient. Studies have shown that music increases the amount of endorphins (a chemical released in the brain to reduce pain and provide a good feeling state) in the brain, initially, jump-starting the bodies healing process. As it distracts the attention from pain, it concurrently generates chemical behaviors that promote healing. Along with physical healing and mental effects, music impacts human emotions. Often, someone will listen to music when they are distraught, happy, need to focus, exercising, etc. Experiments show that music in a major key will cause a person to be happy, while the music in a minor key will bring sadder, depressed emotions. This paper will discuss how the music of major and minor keys differently effect human emotions. Emotions Throughout an average day, humans will experience one emotion after the other: sadness, happiness, frustration, anger, guilt, remorse, etc. But when one is asked the question what is an emotion? most find themselves dumbfounded. The answer to what is an emotion is not an easy one to answer. For centuries great minds have studied to answer this question but have yet to receive a definite answer. There are many reasons for this state of affairs. One reason is that emotions are difficult to define and measure. (Juslin and Sloboda 73). To be able to define emotions, theorists must know where emotions come from and how they are detectable. From a scientific perspective, emotions can be concluded from three types of evidence: self reports, expressive behavior and physiological development (Juslin and Sloboda 74). Self reports are a variety of surveys people will take to measure their emotions. Although this method is a first hand account of emotions, it still includes many problems such as the imperfect relationship between emotions and words that denote emotions, and the problem of choosing which words to include on checklists or scales (Juslin and Sloboda 74). The second type of evidence is expressive behavior which is the study of peoples emotion by their facial expression, vocalizations or body language (Juslin and Sloboda 74). The difficulty with this procedure is that not all emotions are visible by expressive features. The third type of evidence used to decipher emotions is physiological kinds of measurement; this includes measuring heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension and much more. Many theorists have suggested definitions of emotions based off the previous three types of evidence. Based on a review of these definitions they proposed the following consensual definition (Kleinginna Kleinginna 1981, p. 355): Emotion is a complex set on interactions among subjective and objective factors, mediated by neural/hormonal systems, which can (a) give rise to affective experiences such as feelings of arousal, pleasure/displeasure; (b) generate cognitive processes such as perceptually relevant effects, appraisals, labeling processes; (c) activate widespread physiological adjustments to the arousing conditions; and (d) lead to behavior that is often, but not always, expressive, goal-directed and adaptive (Juslin and Sloboda 75). As seen in the previous definition, it is almost impossible to define emotions simplistically or even in one sentence. Tonality Like emotion, tonality is not an easy concept to grasp. For one, it is used in many different senses and areas of music. Also, tonality has been widely discussed amongst theorist as to what it is and its significance in Western music. One simple definition of tonality is a system for interpreting pitches or chords through their relationship to a reference pitch, dubbed the tonic. Once the tonic is established the relationship of this pitch to other pitches can be designated using scale-degree names or numbers (Huron 143). In other words, tonality is the organization of pitch. Referring to Western theorists, there are two types of tonalities: major and minor. The theory and use of major and minor tonality dominated Western culture between 1650 and 1900 (Forney 20). The tonality of a piece of music is determined by the scale used for the foundation of the music (Forney). A scale is a series of tones in ascending or descending order; may present the notes of a key (Forney A20). Because of the combination of intervals between notes in a scale, each scale has a special and unique sound. Major scales promote a feeling of happiness and cheerfulness while minor tones sound sad and dark A composer would not be likely to choose a minor key for a triumphal march, nor a major key for a lament (Forney 21). As stated earlier, the first note of the scale, the tonic, is used as a starting place Affects of Major Tonality on Human Emotions Musics effect on humans has been a hidden phenomenon for thousands of years. The emotional experience one has with music has always been enticing and misunderstood. Still, it is probably true that most people experience music-somehow, somewhere-everyday of their lives, often with an accompanying affective response of some sort (e.g. nostalgic recognition of a favourite song on the radio while driving a car, frustration directed at the music at the shops, joy while listening to an excellent performance at an evening concert, a sad mood created by the soundtrack of a late night movie) (Juslin and Sloboda 3). The goal of this section is to describe how the music from major tonalities influence human emotions. To sum up the affects of major tonality on human emotions is the results of David Hurons, author of Sweet Anticipation, experiment on the feeling evoked from listening to major scale degrees. Huron conducted his experiment by asking ten experienced Western-cultured musicians to describe the emotions they incorporate with different scale degrees from the major key. All ten musicians were given the following instructions: For each of the following scale degrees describe as best you can the distinctive quality or character of that tone. Describe how the tone makes you feel in as much detail as possible. Imagine the tones for the major key only. Please think of pitches rather than chords (Huron 144). The table below is the result of Hurons responses as displayed in his book Sweet Anticipation. Scale Tone Common Descriptors Sample Responses Tonic Stable, pleasure, home, contentment Stable, extremely satisfying, centered, foundational, solid, resolved, strong Raised tonic Strong, upward, bold Edgy, unstable, uncertain, upwardly, mobile, mildly precarious Lowered supertonic Surprise, abruptness, pause Somewhat dark, a sense of almost inevitable further descent, murky, unexpected richness, mild surprise Supertonic Solid, movement, resolve Hanging, dangling, transitory, moderate expectancy of more to come, part of a flow Raised supertonic Longing, unstable Needling, moderately harsh, jarring, unstable, off balance Mediant Bright, love, warmth, beauty Light, lifted, bright, point of many possible departures, yet also strongly restful, peaceful and calm Subdominant descending Akward, tentative, strong sense of being unfinished, Now what? no clear expectation of future, hanging feeling, would be happy to fall by half step Raised subdominant Intentional, motivated Moderately anxious, interrupted flow to dominant, somewhat curious about possibilities, fluidity, transitory Dominant Strong, muscular, balance, possibility, pleasant Strong, towering, height, sense of looking down from a tall building and being comfortable, but knowing youll eventually take to elevator back to the street level Raised dominant Leading, aspiring Leading to something, sense of implication, unfinished, leaning, mildly uncomfortable Submediant Balance, open, lightness Airy and open, temporary suspendedness, neutral, evokes mild curiosity in regard to direction Subtonic Falling, lightness, drifting downward, shifting Heavy, like walking with a limp, unexpected, open new possibilities, sheds a new light on things Leading tone Unstable, pointing, restless Sense of inevitably, highly unstable, uncomfortable, squirmy, itching, restless Hurons table provides direct and professional examples of emotions accompanied by scale degrees in the major key, now the question is what links these emotions to these particular scale degrees? Huron clusters the results into seven categories of the responses he received, certainty/ uncertainty, tendency, completion, mobility, stability, power and emotion (Huron 163). The certainty/ uncertainty category is the easiest to explain through statistical properties of music. Two scale tones were described as unexpected, surprising or abrupt- the lowered supertonic and the subtonic pitches (Huron 163). Because the supertonic and subtonic pitches appear the least out of all the scale tones the feeling of surprise or abruptness is normal. The category tendency describes the scale tones level of continuation, in other words, the tones ability to carry on with the melody or song at hand. The raised dominant and the leading tone were both described with words associated with tending or leading, -both tones that are statistically limited in their possible continuation tones (Huron 163). The completion category can also be described using statistical properties of music with relevance to the tonic and mediant pitches. Both pitches were described as restful indicating the pitches connection to the end or closure of musical phrases, allowing the listener to feel at rest or home-like. The fourth category, mobility, involves the supertonic and subtonic pitch. The supertonic was depicted as modern expectancy of more to come and the subtonic as like walking with a limp. Both pitches portray the act of moving but do not hold the same leading value as the tonic. The category of power, however, can not be easily described through the statistical properties of music. The raised tonic and dominant pitches were connected with words like jarring and harsh, creating the effect of power to the listener. The last category Huron describes is emotion. Terms like pleasure, beauty, and warmth, love, bright and pleasant are used to describe the tonic, mediant and dominant pitches. Negative hedonic terms like harsh, jarring, uncomfortable, and anxious were applied to tones such as the raised supertonic, the raised subdominant and the raised dominant (Huron 164). As made apparent from the table, positive emotions seem connected to frequently occurring tones with closure (Huron 164). A peculiar fact about tonality is that different tones can suggest different and specific emotions. Even a tone in one given context can have a completely different effect in another context. There are several factors attributed to why scale degrees in the major scale cause the listener to feel a variety of emotions, one of them being the predictability of a tone. When a tone has a high rate of predictability, the experience for the listener is more positive The most predictable tones and tone sequences tend to be experienced as the most pleasant- especially if listeners are not consciously aware of the high predictability (Huron 173). The most predictable structural feature in music is cadences. Cadences are the place of rest in a musical phrase. A cadence can either end in the middle of a melody, called an inconclusive cadence, causing the ending to feel dissonant. Meanwhile, a cadence can also end at the end of a melody, creating a consonant ending call a conclusive cadence. Music theorists have long observed that cadences tend to be organized in a stereotypical fashion. It is not simply the final note of the cadence that is predictable; the final note is often approached in a characteristic of formulaic manner (Huron 154). Cadences, however are not the only feature that increase the feeling of uncertainty Another feature is the increase in uncertainty that commonly follows after the closure point (Huron 156). So not only is there high predictability before the cadence but after as well. Listeners are more apt to forebode predictability with points of disruption or closure. Music in Silent Movies (To be changed) Silent Movies In todays movies there is barely ever a silent moment. For example, while actors are walking down the street multiple sounds can be heard: the actors dialogue, the sound of footsteps, cars screeching down the road, birds chirping, etc. There is constant noise in current movies, never allowing for one second of silence. In 1890s to the late 1920s silent films were prominent among towns and cities in the United States. Although they are called silent movies, they are far from silent. Characteristics of silent films include: little or no dialogue (if there was dialogue it was written in pamphlets and given to the audience), usually black and white, live orchestras and sometimes live narrators or actors. Because there was no recorded dialogue, silent films relied heavily on the acting of actors and the music to set the mood and tone for the film. Most actors were required to over act to be able to convey the emotions across the camera without verbal help. Actors like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Clara Bow, and Blanche Sweet were all prominent in silent films and were used to portray the emotions the audience longed for. Genres of silent films include comedies, westerns, horror, science fiction, documentaries, series, animates, epics and experimental films. Like the actors in silent films, music played an essential role in this movie era, As silent cinema developed, and especially after c.1912, music came to play a crucial role in shaping and conditioning the viewers response to moving pictures (Cooke 5). Musicians were needed to write scores for the films that would effect peoples emotions the same way words would. The music was needed to take the audience through the story emotionally, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..music, by its very physical presence, created a sense of three-dimensionality singularly lacking in the projected image: while the film was projected from the rear of the hall to the screen at the front, so music played at the front was projected backwards over the audience and through a kind of transference or slippage between sound and image, the depth created by the sound is transferred to the flat surface image (Kalinak 1992, 44). (Cooke 6). Silent films were seen as an art form that had never been tried before. It was new technology that everyone was fascinated in learning and perfecting The silent era was a period of immense creativity, and there seems to be no end to its surprises (Brownlow XI). Silent films have been and will be longed cherished as timeless classics. Unfortunately, ninety percent of the films made during the silent era have disintegrated due to the use of nitrate film (Scorsese IX). Organizations like the National Film Registry and the Library of Congress work to preserve these movies and prevent any further losses. Charlie Chaplin As stated previously, Charlie Chaplin was a famous actor and director of silent films. Charlie Chaplin was born on April 16, 1889 in London, England. Charlie was born into fame, both his parents being renowned vocalists and actors. Appearing in small rolls for films like The Eight Lancashire Kids and Sherlock Holmes, Chaplin began his career before the age of fourteen I went home on the bus dazed with happiness, and began to get the full realization of what happened to me. I had suddenly left behind a like of poverty and was entering a long desired dream-a dream my mother had often spoken about, had reveled in. I was to become an actor! (Chaplin 78). Chaplin continued his career through vaudeville, which brought him to the United States where in 1913 he signed with the Keystone Film Company, making thirty-five films. From 1915 on, Chaplin directed his own movies and the popularity of his baggy-trousered tramp character earned him a million-dollar contract with First National in 1917 (Cooke 27). While working under First National, Chaplin made the films Shoulder Arms in 1918, The Kid in 1921 and The Pilgrim in 1923. In his later years, Chaplin focused away from directing and dabbled in music, sports and writing. Charlie Chaplin was a self-taught musician and wrote music for many of his films, for example Sing a Song, Eternally and With You Dear in Bombay. Chaplin also authored four books: My Autobiography, My Trip Abroad, A Comedian Sees the World and My Life in Pictures. Charlie Chaplin died Christmas day in 1977 at the age of seventy-eight. Over Charlie Chaplins career he was able to convey to the audience any character he wished Chaplins range of characters was extraordinary: he could be a waiter, a down-and-outer turned cop, a hapless immigrant, a vagrant violinist, a soldier- all with equal conviction (Kobel 59). Being the chameleon that Chaplin was, he spoke to the audience through his characters; appealing to peoples emotions and desires. (More sources and information to be added) How Major Tonalitys Effect on Human Emotion is used in Chaplins Movie

Essay --

Introduction A marketing plan is a document which comprises of analysis of the current marketing situation, threats and opportunities of the firm, marketing objectives and strategy specified that has the 4 Ps, program of actions, and projected budget and income and other financial statements (Drummond, Ensor, & Ashford, 2008). The marketing plan consist of 3 main steps: 1) Planning Phase 2) Implementation Phase 3) Control Phase Figure: 3 Phases of Marketing Plan (Source: (Drummond, Ensor, & Ashford, 2008) ) A documented market plan helps in tracking the progress of the company or activity by providing a point of reference. While creating a new market plan around three end goals should be kept in mind. Having end goal in mind will help in efficient formulation of marketing Plan. Placing more goals will lead to dilution of efforts and shortage of resources for the company (Luke, 2013). Aim The report is creating a marketing plan for Tata global beverages limited to launch into Australian market with their new Green tea product. History Tata global beverage was set up as a joint venture between Tata Sons and the UK-based tea plantation company, James Finlay and Company in 1962. Tata Tea was born in 1983 after James Finlay sold his shareholding to Tata. The company set out on a path with global ambitions, evidenced by the acquisition of Tetley in 2000. This was followed by a string of strategic acquisitions including Good Earth, Jemca, Vitax, Eight O’ Clock Coffee and Himalayan Water (Tata Global Beverages, 2014). Source: (Tata Global Beverages, 2014). Following are different brands that come under Tata beverages: Source: (Tata Beverages, 2014) Tata Beverages has a wide variety of portfolio of products which ranges from dis... ...ers never asked for or thought were possible example Walkmans. Companies are trying to become more market driven and their major efforts go in retaining customers. Customer retention has become much more important than customer attraction because attracting new customer costs five times more than pleasing an existing one. (Kotler, Marketing Management Millenium Edition, 2002). Target Market The product will be targeting the following segment of population: 1) People from the age range of 15 to 35 both male and females. 2) Health conscious people preferably involved in regular work out. 3) People who are trying to switch to a healthier lifestyle and want to give up soft drinks. Competitor Analysis Competition is the most critical factor in marketing management and includes all of the actual and potential rival offerings and substitutes that a buyer might consider.

Global Business

Global Business Assignment Elecdyne Student ID: 11071850 Name: Qingyuan Lin Submission Date: 09/01/2013 Word account: 2585 Contents 1. 0 Introduction3 1. 1 Background3 1. 2 Objective3 2. 0 STEEP table analysis4 3. 0 Country Analysis6 3. 1 country select and compare6 3. 2 Porter’s Diamond Theory7 3. 3 SWOT analysis8 3. 5 Summary of data13 3. 6Discussion13 4. 0 Type of method to internationalize13 5. 0 Conclusion15 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Background Elecdyne is a Tokyo corporation founded in 1990, which dedicated themselves to markets a series of televisions, CD Players, DVD players, MP3 players to their wide range of domestic customers.In recent years, with the deepening of domestic electronics market competition, the company's profit declined in the last two years, and now it is facing the uncertain outlook. Moreover, the company has to confront the chief designer leaving, growth of technological licenses fees and loss of product price advantage. It is evident that Elecdyne doe s not have the capacity to afford the license fees and recruit new R;D graduates. In order to relieve the internal and external crisis of the Elecdyne, the board of Elecdyne has decided to go international. As the European Commission (2010) views that a immediate elation between internationalisation and increased SME performance: international activities strengthen development, improve competitiveness and sustain the long-term sustainable development of companies. With regard to Elecdyne, the management team focuses on the production cost reduction, license for patent technology and market access; and cultural diversity and uncertain risk will be also considered. Though the company has never touched with overseas markets, all of the top management teams have learnt foreign language, and some of them held the oversea university diploma.But what is certain is that the Elecdyne will get the chance to redevelop its business in the globalization. 1. 2 Objective The objective of this repo rt is to analyse the global environment for the electronics industry by using the STEEP and SWOT theory for the three potential countries. The three considerable countries compared in this report are China, Thailand and the United States respectively. The report based on data comparison and pragmatic theoretical analysis, to determine the most suitable country and the optimal way to enter new markets. . 0 STEEP table analysis In order to analyse the environment of Elecdyne more thoroughly, the STEEP table will be utilized. As Venture Navigator (2008) mentioned, The STEEP model is a tool to help the user think about the broader issues that have an influence on the industry or service field as a holistic study, including five main factors: Socio-cultural factors, Technological environment, Economic environment, Ecological environment and Political factors. The following diagram illustrates a comprehensive business environment of the Elecdyne.Socio-cultural factors| 1. As Weil (2008) e xplains that after 2008, electronic products are consisting in our lives ubiquitously. People who likely to choose the electronic products to acquire external information from their Mobile phones or television. 2. Favourable population structure, rising discretionary incomes of consumer, and developing more relevant lifestyles is expected to facilitate the global consumer electronics industry. (Lucintel, 2012) 3. With the proliferation of broadband, accessing the media has become easy and rewarding for consumers.And suppliers of the electronics are constantly updating their technology innovation to keep up with consumer requirements. (ALTERA, 2012)| Technological environment| 1. With regard to electronic, technological innovation has become indispensable to adapt new marketplace competitions and cater to consumer preferences. (Accenture, 2010) 2. According to Accenture (2012) reported Smartphones and tablet PC are the â€Å"star† in electronics products market, and consumers use the virtual network to access a great deal of information. 3.With the striction in the electronics industry, producers are under enormous pressure to create new products. Since product development cycles shorten, the electronics industry is still pumping out better products. | Economic environment| 1. As Weil (2008) views the electronics industry has weathered the most recent economic recession with relatively effortless, especially when compared to other industries. 2. With the Consumer Electronics Association reports global spending on technology facilities will exceed $1 trillion in 2012, increasing by 5% over 2011’s figure of $993 billion. CEA, 2012) 3. According to Weil (2008) mentioned, Jim Feldhan said enterprises see tremendous value in electronics, and the electronic products become an extremely popular consumption product. | Ecological environment| 1. There are thousands of scrap electronic products are dumped in landfills or burned in smelters, and these discar ded electronic products have potentially serious damage to adjacent resident. (GREENPEACE, 2012) 2. Through regulation, enterprises will be required to get more used electronics back, which will improve the recovery ratio and reuse more devices. SCRC, 2012)| Political factors| 1. According to European Commission (2012) mentioned, the investment policy of European Union (EU) is emphasized to providing entire investments with legal certainty and a reliable, predictable, impartial and proper regulated environment in which to conduct their business. 2. With Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have increased dramatically, the investors look at stable, predictable macro economic policy, an effective and honest government and intellectual property protection. 3.As International Trade Administration (2012) views Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have proved to be one of the best ways to enter into foreign markets for American exporters. Trade Agreements reduce trade barriers to U. S. exports, and protect U. S. interests. | 3. 0 Country Analysis 3. 1 country select and compare 3. 11 China As BBC News (2012) reported China's Economic expansion accelerated remarkably in the 1990s due to mass privatization, reforming and the opening up of the country to overseas investment. A large number of multinational corporations crowded into this world factory to take advantage of its cheap labour force.To this day, the government of China has claimed that it welcomes foreign investment. Especially China gives incentive to investors to invest in higher value-added industry, including high-tech research and development, advanced manufacturing, and select modern services sectors. (State, 2011) 3. 12 France As the big EU member states, the French possess remarkable technology, broad market and good infrastructure, and central location in Europe. The French government affirms foreign investment is a positive method to create employment opportunities and stimulate growth.Investment regulati ons are unconstrained, and a large number of financial encouragement are available to foreign investors. In addition, the French government also utilizes fiscal subsidies and tax concessions to attract the attention of investor to France's underdeveloped regions. Preferential policies are available equally to French and foreign investors and eligibility requirements are the same. (State, 2012) 3. 13 The United States (US) The US owned the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world. Not only do foreign investors have the freedom to make economic decisions within the U.S. economy, but also enjoy relatively low levels of regulation and taxation. Moreover, the US provides a foreseeable and transparent legal system, excellent infrastructure, and the most profitable consumer market. (AmCham, 2012) To compare with Japan, China own cheap labour power and attractive investment incentive; France has an investment preferential policy as well as remarkable technology; in add ition to above, the US offers an impeccable legal system, excellent infrastructure and the most profitable consumption market. 3. 2 Porter’s Diamond TheoryPorter's diamond model, which offers a comprehensive way to realize the competitive position of a nation in the global competition scale. And business leaders may use this model to assess in which counties to invest, and to assess which countries are most likely to be able to continue growth and development. Porter's model includes 4 determinants of national advantage, which are shortly described below: Factor Conditions For the company, the Highly skilled workforce is the key success factors. Since it will affect the development of the company.The sufficient linguistic abilities of the staff could make the operation become more effective. Cheap labour and minimum wages can greatly reduce the cost of production. Demand conditions The per capita disposable income will directly affect the demand of market. Whether the product s cater to customer requirements, it will impact the company’s performance. Related and Supporting Industries The existence or non-existence of internationally competitive supplying industries and supporting industries. Firm Strategy, Structure, and RivalryIn different nations, management structures, working attitude, or interactions between companies are shaped diversely. This will offer advantages and disadvantages for special industries. 3. 3 SWOT analysis Previous suggested by Albert S Humphrey in the 1960s, SWOT analysis is an effectively useful instrument for all sorts of situations in business and organizations to understand and make decisions. The management team could use the SWOT analysis in order to fully use the advantage and opportunities as well as weaken the threat.The detailed strengths and weakness of factor is formulated in following table. (Businessballs, 2004) Strength| Weakness| * The brand of Elecdyn has 20 years experience in producing electronics * Exp erienced employee (could speak English), some of them have a broad education background * Producing a range of electronic products * Low cost production * Elecdyne owns abundant experience competing in a large and strongly competitive market, which proves the competitive capacity ofElecdyn| * Lack of key innovation * 5% cut down on price * No growth in the last two years, and lead to key employees leaving * Increasing expenses of technological licenses * Unable to recruit R;D graduates * Lake of experiences to manage an overseas business * Elecdyne is currently at a loss . This means that the limited financial resources. | 3. 4 Weighting table – Opportunities and threats Factor weighting| Japan| Other countries| 1 to10| 0| -10 to 10| Ps: 1 = not important, 10 = very important 10 = worse than Japan, +10 = better than Japan PEST table Political| Japan| China| France| The US| Source| Corporation tax % 6| 40. 69(0)| 25. 005*6=30| 33. 333*6=18| 40. 001*6=6| Nationmaster| Political | Japan| China| France| The US| Source| Tariffs % 7| 0(0)| 10-10*7=-70| 6-6*7=-42| 5-5*7=-35| WTO| Political risk medium/long term 5| 1(0)| 2-2*5=-10| 10 *5=0| 10*5=0| ONDDA| Political stability 7| 86. 42(0)| 46. 83-6*7=-42| 82. 22-1*7=-7| 72. 84-2*7=-14| ONDDA| Regulatory quality 6| 76. 62(0)| 45. 88-6*6=-36| 85. 702*6=12| 87. 42*6=12| Global innovation index| Total| | -128/5=-25. 6| -19/5=-3. 8| -31/5=6. 2| | Economic| Japan| China| France| The US| Source| GDP growth rate % 4| -0. 80(0)| 9. 28*4=32| 1. 71*4=4| 1. 81*4=4| CIA| GDP per capita(USD) 5| 39578. 07(0)| 2634. 71-10*5=-50| 23016. 85-4*5=-20| 37691. 00-1*5=-5| CIA| Minimum Hourly Wage ($) 10| 11(0)| 2. 256*10=60| 17-4*10=-40| 15-3*10=-30| Minimum- wage| Working hours(per week) 6| 40 hours(0)| 40 hours0*6=0| 38. 4 hours-1*6=-6| 40 hours0*6=0| Prospects| Economic| Japan| China| France| The US| Source|UnemploymentRate % 6 | 4. 6(0)| 6. 52*6=12| 9. 24*6=24| 94*6=24| CIA| Interest rate 8| 0. 00(0)| 6. 00-6*8=-48| 0. 75-1*8=-8| 0 . 25-1*8=-8| Tradingeconomics| Market size Ranking 8| 4(0)| 22*8=16| 7-4*8=-32| 14*8=32| Global innovation index| Disposable income $ 8| 23,458(0)| 3,384-10*8=-80| 27,7893*8=24| 37,7089*8=72| OECD| Inflation Rate% 4| -0. 30(0)| 5. 50-5*4=-20| 2. 30-2*4=-8| 3. 10-3*4=-12| CIA| Total| | -78/9=-8. 66| -62/9=-6. 88| 77/9=15. 4| | Social| Japan| China| France| The US| Source| Population in (million) 8| 127. 6(0)| 1343. 2310*8=80| 65. 63-1*8=-8| 313. 843*8=24| CIA| Individualism 4| 46(0)| 205*4=20| 71-5*4=-20| 91-7*4=-28| Geert-hofstede| Power distance (culture) 4| 54(0)| 804*4=16| 682*4=8| 40-1*4=-4| Geert-hofstede| Social| Japan| China| France| The US| Source| Expenditure on education 8| 27. 22(0)| 11. 15-2*8=-16| 48. 792*8=16| 45. 922*8=16| Global innovation index| Uncertainty Avoidance 6| 92(0)| 306*6=36| 862*6=12| 465*6=30| Geert-hofstede| Total | | 136/5=27. 2| 8/5=1. 6| 38/5=7. 6| | Technological| Japan| China| France| The US| Source|R;D expenditure 8| 80. 53(0)| 34. 07-6*8= œ48| 51. 88-4*8=-32| 65. 00-2*8=-16| Global innovation index| University/industry research collaboration (Rank) 6| 15(0)| 28-6*6=-36| 34-8*6=-48| 36*6=36| Global innovation index| Global Innovation Index 7| 51. 7(0)| 45. 4-1*7=-7| 51. 80*7=0| 57. 71*7=7| Global innovation index| Quality of scienti? c research institutions 6| 75. 75(0)| 55. 20-4*6=-24| 72. 470*6=0| 80. 451*6=6| Global innovation index| Total| | -115/4=-28. 75| -80/4=-20| 33/4=8. 25| | 3. 5 Summary of data Japan| China| France| The US| Political| 0| -25. 6| -3. 8| 6. 2| Economic| 0| -8. 66| -6. 88| 15. 4| Social| 0| 27. 2| 1. 6| 7. 6| Technological | 0| -28. 75| -20| 8. 25| Totals| 0| -35. 81| -29. 08| 37. 45| 4. 6 Discussion Based upon the results of data analysis, the best choice for Elecdyne is the US, which having the highest mark in the result. The scores of China and France are significantly lower than America, even if they emerge slightly advantage in some items. As for China, though it had highest GDP real gro wth rate 9. % in 2011, due to the large population, the per capita GDP is dramatically lower than America. That means Chinese citizens are having not enough disposable income to consume. The French government although utilizes preferential to attract investment, the Minimum Hourly Wage is the highest than China and the US. It will be greatly increased the cost of production. On the contrary, not only the US government provides favourable policy and huge consumer market, but also the appropriate R&D expenditure and reasonable scienti? research institutions. To sum up, the US market has greater potential than the other two countries. 4. 0 Type of method to internationalize With regard to internationalize, the Elecdyne could choose the most compatible method to enter a new market. The advantage and disadvantage of the way to internationalize should be analysed rigorously by the management team on the basis of established expansion strategy. The proper methods are joint ventures, Greenf ield sites, mergers or acquisitions respectively. Joint VentureThe Joint Venture means that the cooperation of two or more individuals or businesses in which each approve to share profit, loss and control in a specific company. (Investopedia, 2012) Greenfield Sites An area of agricultural or forest land, or some other undeveloped site earmarked for commercial development or project engineering. (Businessdictionary, 2012) Mergers and Acquisitions A merger is incorporated between two similarly sized companies, which is combined to shape a new company. An acquisition occurs when one company lawfully purchases another and becomes the new owner. Investinganswers, 2012) The following table indicates analyse the advantage and disadvantage of these three methods. Type of method | Strengths| Weaknesses| Joint Venture | * The opportunity to gain new capacity and expertise * Sharing of risks with a venture partner * Access to greater resources, including specialized staff and technology| * The objectives of the venture may not fully clear and executed to each participant. * Different cultures concepts and management styles may affect integration and cooperation. Imbalance in levels of expertise| Greenfield Sites| * The environment changed from rural to urban use * Good policies of local government * Wholly owned and fully control| * More expensive housing * Demand excessive cash * Undertake full risk * High initial investment| Mergers and Acquisitions| * A merger does not require cash * A merger may be achieved tax-free. * The merger allows the acquirer to avoid many of the costly and time-consuming aspects of asset purchases * Form a scale of production and reduce production cost * Increase product awareness, enhance corporate image. * Diseconomies of scale, which may give rise to higher unit costs. * Conflict of culture between different businesses, may reduce the effectiveness of the integration. * Make a part of workers unnecessary, this may have a bad effect on moti vation. | According to the situation and background of the Elecdyne, the best option is incorporated with other electronics. In short, it will be changeover current plight, increasing profit and lower the risks. In the long run, it will be good for the company to gain prestige and more agile development space. 5. 0 ConclusionThe findings indicate that the Elecdyne confront the challenge and opportunity according to STEEP analysis. And the report also analyses the external and internal environment of Elecdyne based on the SWOT and Porter’s Diamond Theory. Through the PEST analysis, makes a compare between three countries, and finally concluded the US was the best choice for the Elecdyne to exploit the overseas market. This paper has finally advised Elecdyne to mergers or acquisitions with other countries. Reference Accenture (2010) Growth through Innovation in the Electronics and High Tech Industry.Available online at: http://www. accenture. com/us-en/Pages/insight-growth-inno vation-electronics-high-tech. aspx (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) Accenture (2012) The 2012 Accenture Consumer Electronics Trends Study. Available online at: http://www. accenture. com/us-en/Pages/insight-2012-consumer-electronics-products-services-usage-report. aspx (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) ALTERA (2012) Industry Trends in Consumer Electronics. Available online at: http://www. altera. co. uk/end-markets/consumer/industry/csm-industry. html (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) AmCham (2012) Benefits of Investment in the US.Available online at: http://amchamfrance. org/theme1. php? idcontenu=110;idpage=144;idmenu=110 (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) BBC (2012) China's economic miracle. Available online at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-asia-china-20069627 (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) BBC News (2012) Japanese electronics giants suffer. Available online at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/20163754 (Accessed: 01 Jan 2013) Businessball (2004) SWOT analysis method and examples, with free SWOT template. Available online a t: http://www. businessballs. com/swotanalysisfreetemplate. tm (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) Businessdictionary (2012) greenfield site. Available online at: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/greenfield-site. html (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) CEA (2012) Global Consumer Tech Device Spending to Surpass $1 Trillion in 2012. Available online at: http://www. ce. org/News/News-Releases/Press-Releases/2012-Press-Releases/Global-Consumer-Tech-Device-Spending-to-Surpass-$1. aspx (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) European Commission (2010) Small businesses benefit from internationalization. Available online at: http://ec. uropa. eu/enterprise/magazine/articles/smes-entrepreneurship/article_10487_en. htm (Accessed: 01 Jan 2013) European Commission (2012) Investment. Available online at: http://ec. europa. eu/trade/creating-opportunities/trade-topics/investment/ (Accessed: 02 Jan 2013) Geert-hofstede (2012) What about China? Available online at: http://geert-hofstede. com/china. html (Accessed: 02 Jan 2 013) Globalinnovationindex (2012) Japan Vs China. Available online at: http://www. globalinnovationindex. org/gii/main/analysis/headtohead. cfm