Historical Awareness and the Interpretation of the Bible Essay

Christianity holds the largest followers worldwide and holds its authority through what they claim as actual events in history. However, the study of the historicity of the Bible has made liberal critics question the authenticity and the validity of the events and teachings that are found in the Scriptures. Liberal critics claim that the Scripture is full of historical errors, human biases, religious prejudices and fictional stories. Everything from the Virgin Birth to the resurrection of Christ, and from papacy to priesthood, are being rejected, based on the â€Å"historical critical† approach to Scripture. The interpretation of the Bible has therefore developed from its literal sense to a symbolic interpretation of its passages. Interpretations of the Bible The Bible is interpreted in different ways but could be categorized into two methods: the conservative and liberal interpretation. Conservatives hold the Bible as God’s divine words from which they interpret it by the letter unless the passage is clearly intended as an allegory, poetry or some other genre. Interpreting the Bible by the letter encompasses a strict interpretation of the passages—that is to say conservatives interpret the Bible literally. The International Council on Biblical Inerrancy (1978), a group of conservative Christians hold that â€Å"the literal sense is the†¦ meaning which the writer expressed† and â€Å"deny the legitimacy of any approach to Scripture that attributes to it meaning which the literal sense does not support.† On the other hand, liberal critics interpret the Bible symbolically or allegorically—that is they treat the Bible as a collection of fictional stories. They use the historical-grammatical approach to uncover the meaning of the text by taking into account cultural and historical background and the literary genre. Problems Relating to the Literal Interpretation of the Bible There is little doubt that the Bible has been interpreted in its literal sense before science has explored and discovered concepts that are in relation with some Biblical passages. The story of creation, as a basic example, could no longer be accepted in its literal sense, which would otherwise contradict with scientifically proven principles and generally accepted theories. The knowledge that scientific discoveries and research has provided over the past millennium reveals that God could not have made the world as it is in seven earth days. Human logic and reason would dictate that there must be some other explanation why the Bible, as God’s inspired words, are written in such a manner. God, as the creator of all things and who has knowledge all things, could not have erred and must have intended something else in specifying that the world was created in seven days. Hence, it is not only evident but also necessary to say that literally interpreting at least some portions of the Bible are no longer sufficient. Historical Criticism Historical criticism is the art of analyzing the factuality of written documents and the supposed facts handed down. It makes use of written documents, unwritten evidence and tradition as the source of information. The historical critic must also be guided chiefly by an ardent love of truth and must be free of any prejudice—religious, national or domestic—that may otherwise affect the historian’s judgment. The authenticity and integrity of a written document is investigated before it could be passed as a genuine source of evidence. Authenticity includes verifying whether or not it was from the author who claims it to be, whether such individual existed, and whether or not the document or individual belonged to the specific time of history in question. Integrity, on the other hand, verifies whether or not the document is in the shape or form from which the author has produced it—that is, whether or not the document is complete, free of corruption and the complexities of translation. It is generally suffice to determine the approximate age of a document using the nature of the material, i.e. papyrus, parchment, cotton, etc., and the character of the writing. It is often very rare that a document that is purported to be an original or an autograph leaves room for reasonable doubt when it passed a series of tests regarding its authenticity. However, it is also generally held that to translate a word correctly does not necessarily give its meaning in the context of the particular era to which the manuscript belongs. The investigator must then be careful with interpreting the meaning of the document. The difficulty in analyzing Biblical documents is that they survive only in form of copies, or copies of copies. In these cases, manuscripts of similar content or subject are often compared to each other, sometimes revealing variations in the readings. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls while providing some of the oldest and the only known copies of Biblical documents have challenged the theories of the development of the modern Biblical text—specifically those of textual criticism. There are a few of the Biblical manuscripts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that differ with Masoretic texts, and most of them differ only slightly. The fact that Biblical documents have slightly changed over the course of at least three centuries provide confidence on the content of the modern Bible. However, the real question arises not in the actual content of the Bible but on the meaning of its content. Another problem regarding authenticity and integrity of the Biblical manuscripts is the question regarding the knowledge of the author concerning his work: Does the author have proper, first-hand knowledge of the purported fact? Is he altogether sincere in his disposition concerning the purported fact? As an example, the integrity of the Gospels is raised as it has become apparent that the earliest writings of this type dates 65 years after Jesus’ resurrection. Historicity of the Bible There are basically two main schools of thought regarding the historicity of the Bible: the fundamentalists who believe that everything that is written in the Bible actually happened as it is stated; and the liberals who believe that the Bible had no historical value—that is, historical events purported in the Bible did not really happen. There are two schools of thought on giving weight to the historical accounts presented in the Bible: Biblical maximalism assumes that Biblical narratives are accurate unless proven otherwise; and Biblical minimalism. Biblical maximalists tend to interpret the Bible literally. They view accounts specified in the Bible as a starting point for constructing history and correct and reinterpret it when archaeological evidences prove contradicts their viewpoint. On the other hand, Biblical minimalists start from archaeological findings and only consider Biblical accounts of value only when they are consistent with these findings. In relation to Jesus, there are but few historical manuscripts that provide evidence that he is an actual historical figure. His name is briefly mentioned in the works of Josephus, Pliny the Younger, Tacitus and Suetonius, but aside from a brief mention and description of the early Christians, only the accounts specified in the New Testament gives a basis for the existence of a man named Jesus. The Gospels are the only sources of information about the life and works of Jesus and even those are criticized for its historical accuracy. There exists what is known today as the Synoptic Problem which revealed the diversity in the Biblical texts. What catches the interest of critics, however, is not the differences in the versions of the accounts in the life of Jesus, but the striking similarity of the texts itself. Considering that the Gospels had been written during different times at different locations, questions such as whether the authors of the Synoptic Gospels were using a common source, perhaps written or from oral tradition, or not. If there exists an earlier source from which the authors of the Synoptic Gospels based their work, then why where the new Gospels written? Furthermore, if indeed the authors share a common source, why where there differences? Did the authors feel free to interpret and apply the Jesus tradition as they wrote? Most theologians would answer that each Gospel writers have their own purpose and interpretations of Jesus from which the differences in similar accounts are attributed. Nevertheless, there is no one solution that offers sufficient enough explanation on the Synoptic Problem. While resolving this issue would not verify the existence of the historical Jesus, questions regarding the authority of the accounts, particularly that of Jesus and his teachings, will be eliminated. Effects of Historical Criticism on the Interpretation of the Bible Today, Christianity holds the largest followers worldwide. If Christianity derives its authority from actual historical events, then that claim must be investigated by the most austere standards of historical judgments. The advent of scientific research, particularly that of historical criticism, has put the historicity, as well as the authority and interpretation of the Bible in serious question. Samuel George Brandon (1955) explained that â€Å"the historical character of Christianity, which was once proclaimed apologetically as the greatest argument for the validity of that faith, has gradually been found to be a source of great perplexity if not of weakness† (156). Raymond Brown (1975) explained that â€Å"physical, historical and linguistic methods, known to us in only approximately the last one hundred years, has produced a scientifically critical study of the Bible, a study that has revolutionalized views held in the past about the authorship, origin and dating of the biblical books, about how they were composed, and what the authors meant†¦ No longer did they (Catholic exegetes) hold that Moses was the substantial author of the Pentateuch, that the first chapters of Genesis were really historical†¦, that Matthew was the first Gospel written by an eyewitness†¦ etc.† Robert Sungenis held that â€Å"The historical critic will try to convince you that, since Scripture contains â€Å"historical errors, human biases, religious prejudices and fictional stories,† and since Scripture is only free from error when it deals with â€Å"matters of salvation,† then in non-salvific matters (e.g., women priests and homosexuality), the Bible is nothing more than an expression of the religious preferences and cultural biases active during the time of the biblical author’s writing. Since we in modern times have come of age, as it were, and know that such biases are unecumenical and judgmental, then it is high time we change our interpretation of Scripture. Historical criticism is just the needed tool to do the job.† Resolving the Conflict Previously, culture was understood to static and unchanging. However, historical data reveal culture to be more guided by human experience that creates changing values and meanings as predicted by the way of life. It must only be necessary therefore that faith is expressed and understood in terms of our particular setting. It is in contrast to the sola scriptura principle of conservative Protestants. They claim that faith is to be based on the Bible alone. However, interpreting the Bible in relation to present events does not necessarily imply the interpreter to be a liberal critic. Progressive interpretation look upon the Bible as historically shaped and culturally conditioned. It analyzes the culture from which the authors lived, interpret what is stated in relation to the circumstances of the time it was written, and apply the meaning of the passage in relation to the present circumstances. After all, Lonergan held that â€Å"theology mediates between a cultural matrix and the significance and role of a religion in that matrix.† While it is apparent that some passages in the Bible are clearly not intended to be interpreted in its literal sense, there is still the question whether some of the passages must be taken in its literal meaning or if any passage is to be taken in its literal sense at all. However, taking into consideration the accounts in the Synoptic Gospels which appear to be similar have different versions. Theologians justify these differences through specifying the intents of the authors. In this case, it is only plausible to dismiss the particular event as an accurate version in history. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily imply that the event had not taken place at all. Lonergan (1971, 179) held that â€Å"experience is individual while the data for history lie in the experiences of many.† Furthermore, the same event is sometimes interpreted by different individual who have experienced that particular event depending on their perception. The fact that the event is related to us on different accounts, probably by different individuals, may prove that such an event may have occurred. Regardless of the factual historicity of the event specified in the Synoptic Gospels, the justifications made by theologians on the different accounts on Jesus’ life make it clear that the accounts are not to be interpreted in its literal sense. Lonergan held that â€Å"the discoveries of the historian are expressed in narratives and descriptions that regard particular persons, places and times. They have no claim to universality: they could, of course, be relevant to the understanding of other persons, places and times; but whether in fact they are relevant, and just how relevant they are, can be settled only by a historical investigation of the other persons, places and times† (180). Furthermore, Lonergan explained that â€Å"because they have no claim to universality, the discoveries of the historians are not verifiable in the fashion proper to the natural sciences; in history verification is parallel to the procedures by which interpretation is judged correct† (180). On the other hand, faith has nothing to do with history. Regardless of whether Christian traditions gain its authority from its historicity or not, what matters is the belief that Christians hold. Faith is a product of the fulfillment that â€Å"brings a radical peace, the peace that the world cannot give† without which â€Å"opens the way to the trivialization of human life† (Lonergan, 1971, 105). That fulfillment, according to Lonergan (1971, 106), â€Å"is not the product of our knowledge or choice.† There is therefore always room to interpret the Scriptures that is not entirely based on historical criticism. Relying on faith alone, the Scriptures should be interpreted basing on the experience of mystery to develop a type of consciousness that deliberates, makes judgments of value, decides, and acts responsibly and freely. Works Cited Brandon, Samuel George Frederick, â€Å"The historical element in primitive Christianity.† Numen vol. 2, no. 1, 156-167 Brown, Raymond E. Biblical Reflections on Crises Facing the Church. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1975 International Council on Biblical Inerrancy. â€Å"The Chicago statement on Biblical inerrancy.† 1978. The Spurgeon Archive. 17 March 2009 Lonergan, Bernard. Method in Theology. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1971 Sungenis, Robert. â€Å"Fr. Raymond Brown and the demise of the Catholic Scripture Scholarship.† Catholic Apologetics International. 17 March 2009.

Identify the Mission, Objectives, and Responsibilities of an Organisation Within It’s Environment Essay

An organisation is defined as ‘A group of people working together’ (Collins Dictionary 2001). An organisation is generally accepted as a unit working together to achieve the same goals. Concurring with this statement, Mintzberg (1997) defined goals as ‘the intentions behind decisions or actions, the states of mind that drive individuals or collectives of individuals called organisations to do what they do’. In order for an organisation to work, set guidelines have to be put in place for both short and long term aspirations, to ensure that the organisation is moving as a whole, a unit, to avoid separation, miscommunication, and misunderstanding. This can be achieved by administering a meaningful and worthwhile strategic plan consisting of a progressive, hierarchical set of aims. This will give each individual, as well as the organisation as a whole, a purpose. A set of aims can be as follows (Business Essentials 2010); An example of this would be my current place of employment. Their Vision Statement is as follows; ‘We are committed to providing a modern, efficient, and cost effective service focused on meeting our customer’s needs in a friendly , timely, and accurate manner, and will provide the necessary resources to enable achievement of our objectives. We will be readily accessible to everyone in the community to maximise social inclusion, minimise barriers to work and assist people to live in decent housing. We will process claims quickly and accurately, while actively reducing the incidences of fraud or error through investigation. Where fraudulent intent is proven, we will seek to apply appropriate sanctions as a deterrent against future activity. Where we seek to collect money, we will issue bills promptly and correctly. Where recovery action is required, we will act quickly, fairly, and impartially, but with due regard to social welfare and human rights of our customers.’ (Heather Tiso, 1995) However something so unobtainable may not be in the forefront of people’s minds. This is summed up in the following article statement ‘Mission statement in some companies has a huge influence in all management levels of the firm, but in others it is still just addition on the wall and usually what’s forgotten.’ Values of an organisation are more likely to be remembered, as they are more relatable to people within. The values upheld by the people within my organisation, are that of trust, respect, pride in work, ability to take ownership, two way communication – to give as well as to receive, to maintain excellent customer service at all time, to help each other out if need be, to feel comfortable and confident enough to speak up if they have any ideas for improvements, to strive for fairness, equality, and diversity, versatility, flexibility, taking responsibility for their own development, to be open minded as our line of service is ever changing. This encourages a culture of people that are able to pull together against constant adversity, and still achieve excellent results, as well as continually exceed Service Level Agreements (SLAs). The key objectives of my organisation, can be broken down in to the following examples; †¢Operational Goal – to increase revenue (Objective – decrease number of incorrect subsidy claims by 10%) †¢Non Operational Goal – to modify behaviour of customers (Objective – to get customers to act and think in a productive manner) †¢Primary Objective – to maximise revenues with as little expenditure as possible †¢Secondary objective(s) – to maintain excellent customer service, to strive for 100% accuracy, to maintain excellent working relationships with stakeholders. †¢Corporate Objectives – To increase customer satisfaction, to minimise risk, to ensure a glide path is in place for these objectives. †¢Unit Objectives – to answer all calls within 20 seconds, to deal with all work items with a turnaround of 9 days, to see all customers visiting the offices within under 5 minutes, to identify and understand our customer’s needs, to maintain a very high level of service, to develop personal/professional relationships with stakeholders. The influence of stakeholders Identifying Stakeholders is a process of integration within the said organisation. This can be summarised with a statement from a World Bank Group article – ‘All parties should be listed which are likely to be affected by the development, both positively or negatively, directly or indirectly.’ Stakeholders in our company are highly valued and important, and therefore our relationships with them are maintained to a very high standard. Our organisation has numerous companies identified as Stakeholders. This is not just on a professional level, as on top of Internal Stakeholders (i.e. staff) we recognise a number of Connected Stakeholders (customers, suppliers,) and External Stakeholders (local community, the government). Therefore, overall Stakeholder influence is vast, extending way beyond just making a customer happy. The knock on effects of the positive or negative experience of that customer may affect my organisation greatly. As different Stakeholders have different interests, it is not possible to focus on all of them at once with a blanket gesture in the hope of satisfying all their needs. Their needs have to be prioritised by looking at individual objectives, and balancing important/urgent needs with needs that would not have an adverse effect or affect relationships by waiting to be dealt with. Examples of Stakeholders in my organisation, are employees, customers, and the Government. As staff are immediately and intimately connected with the organisation, their influence is going to possibly be the strongest influence. It has been said numerous times that employees are the most influential. Motivated employees are highly likely to be more productive in producing work, ideas, and meeting objectives. Coincidently, the objectives of staff, are to be treated fairly, be given equal opportunity, be recognised for the consistently excellent work they produce when the odds are stacked against them, feel secure in their job and working environment, and have a sense that they are achieving. These objectives are met in the most part, however, as the organisation as a whole has a hierarchy , and it tends to be the senior managers setting objectives and deciding whether these have been met. This can lead to the human element being lost, and people judged by numbers, as other factors aren’t always taken into consideration. This can affect morale, but ultimately, our nee ds are met. Achieving objectives of stakeholders One of our Connected Stakeholders, our customers, are generally the focal point of our work. The bottom line, is customers want a service provided with their individual interests in mind, with the least possible output from them. The saying ‘The Customer is Always Right’, is incorrect in my opinion. The customer may not know what they need, they need to be asked open and closed questions in order to ascertain exactly what service they require. Customers wish to be heard, treated with respect, and for a positive experience with whatever organisation they deal with. The needs of our customers are met, as they are one of the most important stakeholders. Failure to meet these needs may result in loss of business, complaints, and repercussions from higher management if objectives are not met. The Government is an example of our External Stakeholders. This is due to the fact we are a public sector organisation, and a direct derivative of Central Government. The Government’s objectives are mainly that their Corporate Objectives influence our Unit Objectives, as well as Primary/Secondary Objectives. We meet the requirements of the Government by adhering to their laws, policies, procedures, and implementing them whilst maintaining a professional forefront to other stakeholders, such as the general public.

Business Btec

Definition of marketing is the management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer. For example, new Apple products are developed to include improved applications and systems, are set at different prices depending on how much capability the customer desires, and are sold in places where other Apple products are sold.Marketing is based on thinking about the business in terms of customer needs and their satisfaction. The overall concept of marketing is a management philosophy according to which a irm's goals can be best achieved through identification and satisfaction of the customers stated and unstated needs and wants. Companies should identify the needs of their customer and produce products and services to satisfy those needs.The production concept is a philosophy that consumers will favour products and services that are widely available and highly affordable and that management should therefore focus on improving production and distribution effici ency this is relevant to Nike as they do this with small products cheaper products such as accessories and ports equipment relying on economies of scale to make profit on products that are priced cheaper.Private sector can be explained as a business owned by private individual or groups and there main aims and objective and one of those objectives is to make a profit, and growth mean that they can -maximise their profits by reinvesting in the business. The main aim of a private sector business is survival as they want the business to last and not go bust. The main aim and objectives of my two business which are Apple and Nike theirs is to remain marketing leader in there industry.Public sector is part of an economy that is controlled by the government and is not run for profit such as schools and hospitals. The Voluntary sector is part of the economy that consists of non-profit making organisation such as charities and is run by volunteers. The public sector and voluntary measure th eir progress not by profits but with other factors such as service provision, growth of range of provisions, cost limitations and meeting quality.Service provision the act of performing a task for a business or person that wants or requires it in exchange for acceptable ompensation. A business that using service provision needs high quality trained staff such as the fire department that are available to preform what is need of them in a situation and doing the Job to the best they can. Growth of range of provisions is the number of services a public or voluntary sector do and the quality they do such a school offering extra courses things such as after school clubs to helps the student's and develop.Cost limitation is used to see if the businesses have used the funds they have at had adequately as for public sector organisations such as school hey will need to distribute the money they receive to get the best out of there students. Meeting quality standards are used in the public an d voluntary sector as for hospitals they rely on this as lives are in danger and will need to provide a standard to the people seeking help.Marketing objectives the group of goals set by a business when promoting its products or services to potential consumers that objectives may be based on factors other than survival and growth. Market leadership is the position of a company with the largest market share or highest profitability margin in a given market for goods and services. Market share may be measured by either the volume of goods sold or the value of those goods. This links both to Nike and Apple as they are the market leaders in the given markets.Brand awareness is the likelihood that consumers recognise the presence and availability of a company's product or service. Creating brand awareness is one of the key steps in promoting a product both for Nike and Apple they do this very well as they are recognised globally plus have such iconic logos that are easily recognisable. P erception of customers is a marketing concept that encompasses customer's impression awareness and/or consciousness about a company or its offerings.Customer perception is typically affected by advertising, reviews, public relations, social media, personal experiences and other channels. Ansoff was known best for developing a strategies he Identified as the four categories for growing and the categories are market penetration, marketing development, product development and diversification. Market penetration the activity or fact of increasing the market share of an existing product, or promoting a new product, through strategies such s bundling, advertising, lower prices, or volume discounts.Marketing development is the act of increasing the total market served by a company by finding new customers and markets, or providing new products to existing customers and markets. An example of this for Nike is their sports clothes and trainers are always developing and coming out with new id eas. Product development this strategy entails finding new markets for existing products. Market research and further segmentation of markets helps to identify new groups of customers. An example for Nike is producing a new winter line or a new product or material such as Dri-fit.Diversification this involves moving new products into new markets at the same time. It is the most risky strategy. The more an organisation moves away from what it has done in the past the more uncertainties are created. However, if existing activities are threatened, diversification helps to spread risk. Survival strategies are used by many businesses as they are faced with having to develop there strategies to survive such as economising the business to reduce expenses. This would lead to the business being less profitable and have a smaller market impact and awareness.In business a rand is a unique design, sign, symbol, words, or a combination of these, employed in creating an image that identifies a pr oduct and differentiates it from its competitors making it stand out and easy to remember. The process involved in creating a unique name and image for a product in the consumers mind, mainly through advertising campaigns with a consistent theme. Branding is used by both businesses as they have brand name, a logo and a slogan. They are both such powerful brands worldwide. They both have brand extension and are always looking to keep brand building as well as both do brand extension.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 147

Summary - Essay Example He stressed on necessity to separate Islam of the Prophet Mohammad which never teaches terror from Islam Kharijites. Mustafa Ceric said war against terrorism imply a war against Islam, because terrorists proclaimed they were acting on behalf of Muslims. Tim Sebastian asked Mustafa Ceric if there too much hatred preached within Muslim tradition. Mustafa Ceric answered that hatred should be stopped both from Muslims and non-Muslims sides. Ramzi E. Khoury said the war was about oil, therefore it’s â€Å"a godless war†. He doubted that current Western authorities are religious persons. Second part basically specified panelists’ opinions while answering audience’s questions. Anas Altikriti pointed, that 9/11 changed situation and it’s no more only geopolitical, like The Gulf War was. Feisal Abdul Rauf spoke about fear West has of Islam. Anas Altikriti retorted, it confirmed that war was religious. Feisal Abdul Rauf disagreed, because Western people were just afraid of losing control on own lands. Both panelists highlighted the role of media in negative image of Islam. Second question brought a thesis, though Muslims themselves shouldn’t allow terrorists speak on behalf of all Muslims, US government and media oppose the positive image of Islam. Mustafa Ceric specified, US had enough power to change this image, therefore Muslims should stay open for dialog. Feisal Abdul Rauf specified, Muslims should â€Å"de-link† Islam and help Western people to understand Muslims. Audience asked, if a background of war change an oppression of Mus lims on West. Feisal Abdul Rauf stressed on necessity to separate reality form perception, because war can be shaped in different ways. Mustafa Ceric pointed later, that 9/11 revealed anti-Muslims views, therefore it was act against Muslims

Introduction and Background of Collective Action Essay

Introduction and Background of Collective Action - Essay Example An exceptionally applicable problem while investigating the flow of collective action is the attributes of the created or developed association, relative to upholding the mutual interests. Much of the time, the results of the collective action are very reliant on the kind of associations included, additionally to the institutional strategic plans, which are set up locally. In the ecological domain, for instance, it is important to recognize whether the collective prevails as an initiative by an association specifically controlled by the group or whether national/provincial administrative powers control and uphold its practices. From this point of view, there are two refinements of collective action: collaboration (base up, individual-to-individual collective action) and coordination(top-down, organization driven collective action). While some base up collective actions may get administration bolster, others prevail without its support. Additionally, some top-down and relative actions develop due to administration arrangements however don't get any bolster, while other aggregate activities receive backing from neighborhood and/or administrative bodies

Award Winning Books Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Award Winning Books - Annotated Bibliography Example As an immigrant he experiences both failures and triumphs as he continues to hope that his mother is alive. Written in free verse, the book highlights the importance of attitude to the achievement of goals for young readers. The year 1845 in Ireland, when overnight a mysterious blight attacked the potato crops turning them black and threatening food supply of 6 million people. The blight continued on for the next 5 years causing 1 million deaths and 2 million Irish fleeing their homeland. Ethnic and religious prejudices are tackled in the book as well as references to present crises in society. The book also features black and white sketches gathered from contemporary newspapers during the period. The author portrays how the young people of Germany became loyal to Hitler including interviews with surviving Hitler Youth members. It highlights Hitler's tactics for dominating the young people who were "a powerful political force". The book includes stories of young heroes who dared to oppose Hitler as well as those who opted to support him. M.L.K. is Marthin Luther King, Jr. and this book is his biography as told by Bolden in words and scrapbook pictures. The book focuses on MLK's principle of selfless love for one's neighbor as he expounded in his sermons, his daily life and his support of nonviolent protests, and is very inspirational for young readers. Genre: Biography, Nonfiction Suggested Grade Level: Grades 5-8 Awards/ Honors: NCTE Orbis Pictus Award for Outstanding Nonfiction for Children Winner 2008 Burns, L. (2007). Tracking trash: flotsam, jetsam, and the science of ocean motion. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company. Dr. Curtis Ebbesmeyer is an oceanographer whose attention is drawn to ocean trash in the form of Nike sneakers appearing on the beaches in Seattle. With volunteer beachcombers and supportive fellow scientists Dr. Curt tracks ocean trash while studying ocean currents. Frightening accounts about trash destroying birds and sea creatures form the climax, which is resolved by the work of the scientists which prevent further destruction. The book is about marine environment conservation and the science of ocean currents and includes a glossary and lists of related books and

China increasing presence in sub-saharan africa Dissertation

China increasing presence in sub-saharan africa - Dissertation Example China despite having high population (over 1 billion people) compared to numerous states globally, the state continues to exhibit a remarkable economic improvement each year (Bloomberg 2010). This is due to its insistence on economic investment not only inside the state but also globally whereby China attains incomparable benefits in return. Some of these benefits/returns to the China embrace available market for their exports, raw materials, imports and even oil. The latter commodity (oil) is almost getting exhausted in the states which China used to rely on besides the US developing political interests in these regions with the intention of dominating the states (Middle East states), hence yielding to stiff competition. Relationship between China and Sub Saharan African region that has yielded to current strong involvement between the two sides is mutually beneficial. This implies the involved parties regardless of their varying economic grounds, maximally benefit from each though due to China’s high demand for raw materials it ended up initiating the move. This is evident from the China’s numerous economic activities evident in SSA region contrary to those of the western states that had initially and up to date invested in Africa (Kaplinsky, McCormick, and Morris 2007). Hence, exhibiting China is out to compete with its rivals (Europe and US) though the tactic is not political as witnessed with US seeming to dominate the other region. China in its quest to attain and ensure cordial relationship with SSA region, embarked on heavy investing that will not only guarantee present benefits but also the future (Kaplinsky, McCormick, and Morris 2007). Hence, being prudent in their actions especially in shunning the areas that have for long maintained a high reputation of rich oil reserves, though currently are undergoing depletion (Broadman 2007). This has prompted China to focus on developing SSA region via establishing and supporting varied key proje cts. Most of these projects encompass those, which for long superpower states (west and US) evaded or heightened their bids especially when negotiating about terms once they finance them. Hence, prompting China to use this opportunity to offer interest-free loans meant for varied states’ projects in this region to back and fund their projects. For instance, this is evident in Libreville where China gave $2 billion and an additional of $6 million loan in return for timber (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and PRC.2000). This is among numerous interventions and incidences regarding trade, which China has involved itself by concentrating on ensuring cordial relationship with SSA region besides constant flow of raw materials for their home industries. The inception of china’s interest in SSA region started with the tour of President Hu Jintao who ended up entering into various agreements with the key SSA states, for instance, Algerian and Gabon regimes. His core intention enco mpassed seeking constant suppliers of oil for his states. Consequently, this prompted china to finanncing oil exploration projects after signing an agreement with Omar Bongo in Lbreville (China Monitor 2006). In addition, Sinopec and Total-Gabon company made an agreement where the latter was to export 1Millions tons of oil to china (China Monitor 2006). This prompted China to give a loan of 420 Million euro meant to develop Zarzaitine oil field, which was after signing agreement in 2002 (China Monitor 20

The Amish Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Amish Community - Essay Example Significant populations of Amish reside in Iowa, Pennsylvania, and northern Indiana. However, the largest settlement is in the Holmes County, Ohio. Other Amish populations also live in Ontario, Canada and other American mid-western and eastern states. The Amish region of Lancaster, Pennsylvania is famous for two reasons. The movie ‘Witness’ was filmed there. The other reason for its fame is the region’s attraction for the tourists. (The Amish Lifestyle, not dated) Â  Most of the Amish are farmers by profession. However, many also pursue other professions like carpentry, cabinet making, or harness making. Some also chose to be blacksmiths and buggy makers. It is important to note how all of these occupations are geared toward preserving the Amish teachings and lifestyle. Because of the scarce land resources and high costs associated with the farming land, many members of the younger Amish lot are now working in the restaurants and factories closer to their homes. Some also work in the general stores from where they acquire essential commodities that they do not produce themselves. (The Amish Lifestyle, not dated) Â  The Amish way of living has close resemblance with the English ancestors’ lifestyle a century ago. Their houses and farms are different because no telephone or electricity lines are connected. Typically, the structure is comfortable too and there are a lot of rooms to accommodate the typically large Amish families. A lot of the conveniences used by Amish are the ones that were used in American houses of the 19th century or even before that. The heat is acquired from coal-fueled or wood stoves. Wood, propane, and kerosene are used to power the cooking stoves. Light is provided by the clear gas or kerosene lamps. (The Amish Lifestyle, not dated) Â  

Terrorist Organizations Analyze Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Terrorist Organizations Analyze - Research Paper Example USA has been the prime target of the terrorist mainly from the Islamic countries of the Middle East. Recent attacks on USA by the terrorist groups generated a path for exploring the detailed requirement for the study of modern terrorism. The author Robert, J, Chasdi delivers a perfect insight within the complexities of state sponsored as well as non state sponsored terrorism. A quantitative analysis have been made by the author to highlight on the terrorism acts within the period of 1968 to that of 1993 through his previous book Serenade of suffering which covers the terrorism spread in Middle Eastern countries within the time span of 1968 to that of 1993. The author stressed on terrorist systems and their activities mainly within the four countries namely Algeria, Turkey, Egypt and Israel. He also focuses on elucidating various socioeconomic parameters that promote terrorism, help of political factors and the people who are adversely affected by these terrorist attacks. This book de livers the fact that the international terrorism has augmented at high levels along posing immense threats on the Western nations. The foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) are mainly international terrorist organizations that are designated by the US Secretary with legal jurisdiction under Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The FTOs play a significant role for the purpose of neutralizing the terrorist organization and their violent activities. ... : http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2011/195553.htm The foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) are mainly international terrorist organizations that are designated by the US Secretary with legal jurisdiction under Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The FTOs play a significant role for the purpose of neutralizing the terrorist organization and their violent activities. In this article published from the US department of State also elucidates the detailed activities of various terrorist groups designated by the US department of State giving a chronological analysis of the activities of the terrorist organizations and also measures taken by them. The appropriate legal criteria for the purpose of designation of the terrorist organizations by Secretary of State have been also provided. 4. Shishani, M,B, (2010), Abdullah Azzam Brigades Claim to be Defenders of Sunnis in Lebanon. Terrorism Monitor, 8(45) This journal article is based on the perspectives of global terr orism analysis. This article is dedicated towards depicting the terrorist group Abdullah Azzam Brigades and their activities in Lebanon. The backdrop of this article starts with activities of a Saudi leader of Lebanese state who has proactively urged the Sunni Muslims for the purpose of refusing cooperation with the Lebanese state claimed to be infiltrated as well as dominated by Shite Hezbollah movement. The leader of Lebanon Abdullah Azzam Brigades is Al-Qarawi. Al Qawari leads the movement from Lebanon and he possesses immense access to Lebanon’s political activities and debates. This article also reveals the group’s objectives and the leader’s criticism. In a statement Qari defending the Sunni Muslims stated that Sunnis in Lebanon are â€Å"among the greatest sects of the oppressed

Vaccine and Medicine Essay Example for Free

Vaccine and Medicine Essay According to Company Spotlight, GlaxoSmithKline (2011), GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a renowned UK-based pharmaceutical and healthcare company. GSK is rated as the second largest among the biggest pharmaceutical and healthcare companies in the world. This company engages in a range of business activities including manufacturing of pharmaceutical products such as the anti-infectives, medicines used for central nervous conditions, respiratory conditions, oncology issues and gastrointestinal conditions. GSK is also famous for producing vaccine products. In addition, it is concerned with the management of the consumer healthcare operation. This service is mainly focused on the production of nutritional drinks, over the counter drugs and other healthcare items (Weise, 2013). GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL (2012) reports that this company had been formed after unity between Glaxo Well come company and SmithKline company. Since its inception, GSK has remained a pertinent player in the pharmaceutical industry where it has researched on medicines and vaccines that have been rated as the top priority by the World Health Organization. This company owns 7% of the total global pharmaceutical products. It has penetrated many countries including developing the world where its products sell cheaply. Noteworthy, this company enjoys the strongest global presence, as it is available in 70 countries. GSK sells its products in three distinct categories such as consumer healthcare, prescription medicines and vaccines (GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL, 2012). Therefore, this report has focused on medicines and vaccines business unit in GSK. Both internal and external business environment affecting the company is also considered, with reference to appropriate theoretical frameworks. In addition, the current strategies deployed are also considered. Eventually, this report gives proposed strategies, vital in enhancing the business unit’s performance. 2. External Environmental Analysis on Vaccine and Medicine Production2.1 PESTLE  AnalysisPESTEL analytic tool is a model used in conducting analysis on a business organization in regard to the external environmental factors. This tool helps the business organizations in identifying some of the potential environmental aspects that affect their operations and performance. The factors of analysis in this framework include Political issues, Economic issues, Socio-cultural issues, Technological issues, Legal issues and the Eco-Environmental issues (Pestle Analysis, 2014). Figure 1: PESTEL Model Figure: PESTEL model Source: Arnold Oakley, 2013 2.1.1 Political FactorsGSK depends on the UK-government legislation on production and trade. Although the government of United Kingdom is one of the stable governments, GSK has experienced significant political challenges that have affected the rate of operation. For instance, the implementation of GSK marketing strategy depends on the trade laws in the UK (Andersen, Denrell Bettis, 2007). It has been noted that some of the trade regulations on the pharmaceutical products, mainly introduced by China and India affect the competitive nature of the company. Introduction of legislation by the government of UK has also affected the operations of GSK in manufacturing of vaccines and medicines. Ideally, UK laws that focus on consumerism, taxation, environmental issues, health and safety measures and consumer protection laws have influenced the activities of the company (Arnold Oakley, 2013). 2.1.2 Economic FactorsThe biggest economic challenge to GSK Company is the trend in international trade on pharmaceutical products. The high rate of economic growth in countries such as China and India remains a bigger challenge to GSK in UK (Datamonitor: GlaxoSmithKline Plc, 2011). This is because India and China have both joined the market with highly competitive ambition. In addition to this, the current economic changes in the UK that have affected GDP continue to suppress the performance of GSK on their production of drugs and vaccines. On the other hand, high inflation rates have affected the sale and production of pharmaceuticals. For instance, while China and India are enjoying a robust economic growth, UK experiences an economic slump. This makes the UK-based companies such as GSK less competitive when it comes to manufacturing of vaccines and medicines (Shakhshir, 2014). 2.1.3  Social-Cultural FactorsSocial, cultural issues include consumer lifestyles, shift in the consumer attitudes towards a particular product as well as consumer opinions. Since the UK-population comprises of the aging majority, the choice on pharmaceuticals is greatly affected. One of the major problems that GSK faces is the issue on the large profits that they have made from sales of their medicines and vaccines. Customer resentment by GSK is a major social problem that a ffects the performance of GSK despite the fact that it is one of the major pharmaceutical companies in the UK. On the other hand, availability of the other pharmaceutical products has also influenced the competitiveness of the company (Bass, 2008). 2.1.4 Technological FactorsThe trends in technology used in the pharmaceutical industries affect the operations of GSK in producing vaccines and medicines. Due to the unwavering changes that occur in drug manufacturing plants, GSK meets stringent regulations that in turn, influence their performance. On the other hand, GSK experiences hard time when it comes to licensing and patenting of newer drug production technologies. The government also ensures that the levels of developing the industry technologies meet the standards that are required. This major hurdle affects the development of the industry technology for GSK (Shakhshir, 2014). 2.1.5 Environmental FactorsSince GSK is a manufacturing company, it faces the challenges that most of the industries face. For example, GSK faces the challenges of global warming as well as the challenges attached to industrial waste disposal. One of the main problems that this company faces is the reaction of the stakeholders on the impact of wastes produced by GSK (Ienciu, 2012). 2.1.6 Legal FactorsLegal issues affecting GSK include the direct and indirect regulations and laws that affect the company’s operations as well as the local markets where this company sells its products. The European and international trade rules, regulations and agreements affect the operations of GSK in production of medicines and vaccines (Robson, 2013). 2.2 Porters 5 ForcesPorter’s Five Forces model is a tool used by various companies to study the external forces that affect a company’s competitive position. Porter’s five-force diagram is shown below in figure 2. Figure 2: Porter’s Five-Force Model Source: Koo, Koh Nam, 2004 2.2.1 Threat of New EntrantsGSK enjoys competitiveness since the costs of producing vaccines and medicines are too high for most of the companies in the UK. This phenomenon has made entrants into the pharmaceutical industries too small. It has been noted that development of newer medicines and drugs, involves painstaking research and investment that most of the companies in UK may not afford. The action of the federal laws together with the influence of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also created barrier for most of the companies that intend to join pharmaceutical industry. In addition to this, new entrants avoid the recurrent renewal of the patents that expire after every 20 years. Since GSK is an old player in the pharmaceutical industry, it has garnered insurmountable trust and connection with the customers on its brand names. This makes it hard for newer entrants in the market to compete against GSK (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). 2.2.1 Threat of SubstitutesThe introduction f many generic drug medicine has been a threat to GSK medicines and vaccines. Such generic drugs have substituted some of the GSK products thus creating replacement for the medicines produced by GSK. Complimentary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is also considered as a reliable substitute for the GSK medicines. Given individuals in UK, believe that the effects of the medicines and vaccines produced generically are similar to the GSK medicines; people often prefer the generic products whose costs are relatively cheaper (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). 2.2.3 Bargaining Power of CustomersAlthough GSK is one of the pharmaceutical companies that produce vaccines and medicines, it does not rely much on the power of buyers. This is because GSK has a large customer base that translates to lower bargaining power. Noteworthy, vaccines and medicines have lower number of customers. This makes GSK to experience high customer bargaining power. GSK focuses on research and development of newer vaccines and medicines, which are then consumed, by the doctors, patients, pharmacists and other healthcare facilities (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). 2.2.4 Bargaining Power of SuppliersGSK supply market comprises of labour, raw material suppliers, trial staff, patients in clinical trials, investigators and other marketing distribu tors. Contrary to customers, the suppliers have strong bargaining power that can affect the operation of the company. Whenever the suppliers withhold the supplies or change the quality of the supplies that they trade to GSK, the company risks losing the quality  of its medicines and vaccines. This will in turn affect the competitiveness and the performance on the company in the pharmaceutical industry (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2012). 2.2.5 Intensity of RivalryPharmaceutical industry has many players leading to increased rivalry. Since there is unending patterns of newer products in the pharmaceutical industry, firms and companies forced to thrive competitively for market shares. Product differentiation has also led to introduction of alternative products that are cheaper. This has led to competitive advantage for certain firms. This trend propagates competitive rivalry that leaves only the strongest and adherent company in the market. However, reports indicate that GSK uses an accurate forecast that helps it in positioning itself at a point where it can sustain rivalry in production of medicine and vaccines from the other companies for a long time (Juliano, 2013). 3.0 Value Chain AnalysisGlaxoSmithKline value chain is a resourceful tool that is applied by the managers to identify major activities that are operational within the firm. The primary activities that are undertaken at GlaxoSmithKline have potential capabilities of defining the firm competitive advantages (Griffin, 2012). The competitive advantage of the company lies within the capability to undertake some of the vital activities that are carried across the value chain with the aim of being better that the business rivals. Figure3: Value Chain Analysis Model Source: Ienciu, 2012 Firstly, GlaxoSmithKline value chain has been able to combine values of the firm key activities with the functional parts. The assessment that is undertaken in the principal activities defines the organization overall additional values that are created. Under its value chain, the company has been able to differentiate its main primary activities that are directly related to the production and the supporting activities that are directly related to effectiveness and efficiency of GlaxoSmithKline operation. GlaxoSmithKline primary and support activities are discussed in details (Shakhshir, 2014). The company has taken a consideration of its inbound activities. Inbound activities in GlaxoSmithKline are concerned with the process of receiving materials from suppliers that are used in the  production of drugs and medicines. As well, storing of these raw materials in the warehouse and handling them within the company is an art of the essential activities that play a crucial role in the va lue chain. In addition, GlaxoSmithKline has a consideration of operation activities. This incorporates all activities that have direct relationship with production, services and product that are within the firm. Outbound logistic is another primary activity that the company has highlighted its concern. These activities involve distribution of the medicines and vaccines (final product). This has been entailing the manner at which the company has been distributing its products to the customers, distributors, chemists, hospitals and other business-related areas (Juliano, 2013). Additionally, GlaxoSmithKline has a functional area that relate to sales and marketing. This is a crucial area that analyze all the need and wants if the clients. As well, this operational are is wholly responsible for the creation of awareness of the firm product among the target group. The company has been using some marketing techniques such as advertisements and sales promotion to ensure they attract more customers to use their products (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). Finally, GlaxoSmithKline has undertaken a vital supporting activity that considers the function of procurement. Procurement incorporates functions that are directly accountable for purchases of materials that are significant for the production. GlaxoSmi thKline has an efficient procurement department that is capable of obtaining the highest quality raw materials at the best prices that are favourable for the company (Shakhshir, 2014). 4. SWOT Analysis Some of the internal strengths and weaknesses affecting GSK can be analysed using the SWOT analysis tool. This tool will identify and analyse some of the internal environmental opportunities as well as the strengths that GSK has. This SWOT analysis will ensure that GSK’s maximum strength and opportunities are highlighted. However, this analysis will minimise on the threats and the weakness that the company has. This analysis will help in explaining GSK’s position in the market, the reason for its position and the possible plans and strategies that can be used to improve the company’s position in the market (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014). Below is a diagram of SWOT analysis. Figure 4: SWOT analysis Source: GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014 4.1 StrengthsGSK being a large company has robust resources and funds that can fuel both the sales, as well as strong marketing mechanism. GSKs strong marketing and sales mechanism has placed it at an accessible ground for the customers. This company has richly invested in both tele-visual and printed media to promote its products. This has placed GSK on top of the other smaller pharmaceutical companies. GSK is rated as the biggest financier of most of the research and development projects in the UK. This places it at a dominant position in the pharmaceutical industry. It has also ensured proper resource utilization with over 97,000 employees who help in the exploration of newer markets. 4.2 WeaknessDespite being a pharmaceutical major in the UK, GSK also has weaknesses that affect its operations. With its robust production of medicine and vaccines, this company make losses due to expired pharmaceuticals. In addition, some sporadic cases of safety affect the company’s image in relation to their customers. The research and development issues have also affected the quality of some pharmaceuticals that this company produces. Ideally, some cases of poor quality, expiry dates and quantity of products have affected the production of medicines and vaccines. Therefore, these weaknesses continue to dent the image of this big company in the UK (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2012). 4.3 OpportunitiesGSK has the opportunity of engaging into the production of oncology products, biologics as well as the preparation of various antibodies. Through its robust existence, it can facilitate productive mergers, as well as acquisition using its influential financial stance. On the other hand, the increase in demands for healthcare products such as medicines and vaccines has placed GSK at a greater opportunity ground. With its resources and significant fund, GSK has better laboratories that give them the opportunity for expanding and leveraging the production of medicines and vaccines (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014). 4.4 ThreatsIn as much as GSK thrives to be a pharmaceutical major in the UK, reports have indi cated that this company faces threatening situations. Ideally, the risks involved in the introduction of newer products affect the ability of the company to maintain its image. With the introduction of more regulations, this company  finds it hard to maintain precision in its operations (Research, 2012). On the other side, slowdown in the European markets remains a serious threat in the marketing of the medicines and vaccine products from this company. In addition to this, the availability of conventional medicines has affected the demand for the medicines produced by this company. Overall, the cases of complacency, subject to the marketing leadership that the company has earned in the past years have placed it under thorough scrutiny by the UK government. This makes it difficult for this company to be able to follow all the stringent rules and regulations (BBC, 2012). 5. Current StrategyGSK is a large business that relies on the strategic priorities such as increasing the growth of the company, reducing the risks as well as increasing the long-term financial performance. This company has focused on growth of the company as their main idea of improving their performance. This large company has ensured their second place in the pharmaceutical industry. It has managed to leverage its p roduction where it produces up to 7% of the global pharmaceutical products. Their large scales and resources have provided them a robust growth in the pharmaceutical sphere. With their growth strategy, GSK has created balanced businesses and product portfolio that have leveraged their sales growth mainly centred on vaccine and medicines in United Kingdom (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). GSK has also relied on the successful commercialising and launching of newer products. They have targeted the emerging markets for vaccines and medicines. GSK have improved their performance in developing newer oncology medicines, antibiotics as well as vaccines. GSK has increased investments in emerging markets for Medicine and vaccines as a strategy to remain viable. Moreover, this company seek further opportunities for optimisation of the product value (Shakhshir, 2014). Additionally, GSK has managed to improve the research and development organisation making it able to handle robust products whose effects have changed lives. Their efforts have injected newer medicines and vaccines that have also increased the rates of return. GSK also uses its resources to invest in many parts of UK to improve their returns and penetration of the markets. Responsibility remains a central strategy in GSK, making them able to ensure success in delivery of vaccines and medicines (Juliano, 2013). 5.1 . Proposed StrategyIn their future strategy, GSK could employ Bowman’s strategy to leverage its  competitiveness. Ideally, this approach helps companies to be able to identify its competitive edge by meeting their customer’s needs. In this case, the strategy allows a company to be competitive against other companies in the same market. For instance, GSK should consider that many pharmaceutical companies sell medicines and vaccines with negligible differences from their pharmaceuticals. Therefore, GSK should focus on the prices and degree of success in their products so that they may become more competitive than the other companies may (Arnold Oakley, 2013). GSK should rely on generic strategies, which are, cost leadership, product differentiation and market segmentation. The strategies will help GSK to ensure that their pharmaceuticals are low-priced, useful and provided with the customers’ specifications. Whenever their vaccines and medicines will sell lower than the other companies will, GSK will become more competitive Price and value of pharmaceuticals is a major concern when it comes to competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry. GSK should ensure that their products meet the recommended value specifications demanded by the customers (Morrow Jr. Sirmon, Hitt Holcomb, 2007). Using the Bowman’s strategy, one can adjust the three porter’s positions to eight while explaining the benefits of value and cost of the products. Therefore, GSK should embrace Bowman’s strategy in improving their competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). 6. ConclusionGlaxoSmithKline remains the leading pharmaceutical and healthcare company in the sector of Vaccines and Medicines in United Kingdom. This company enjoys a robust growth despite the dynamism in the pharmaceutical markets. Despite its successful performance in production of vaccines and medicines, GSK has also faced several challenges such as competitive pharmaceutical companies, stringent political issues and economic downturns. GlaxoSmithKline is a renowned pharmaceutical company whose products are common in the pharmaceutical industry. The primary goal of GSK is to achieve a competitive nature. However, this will require improvement of the quality and value of the products as it eliminates the weaknesses and threats. GSK must utilize its opportunities with the aim of delivering first-class safe and quality drugs and vaccines. On the other hand, GSK has a task of pioneering safety of medicine and vaccine use through the media. This company should focus on production of quantities that can feed the markets without unnecessary surpluses that  affect the returns to the company. Growth of market all over the world is also a good idea that should be embraced by the company. Idyllically, GSK remains one of the largest pharmaceutical companies whose products are distributed throughout the world. Noteworthy, GSK has a strong position in the pharmaceutical industry.   References Andersen, T. J., Denrell, J., Bettis, R. A. (2007) ‘Strategic responsiveness and Bowmans risk–return paradox’, Strategic Management Journal, 28(4), pp. 407-429.Arnold, D. G., Oakley, J. L. (2013) ‘The Politics and Strategy of Industry Self-Regulation: The Pharmaceutical Industrys Principles for Ethical Direct-to-Consumer Advertising as a Deceptive Blocking Strategy’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy Law, 38(3), pp. 505-544. Azadi, S., Rahimzadeh, E. (2012) ‘Developing Marketing Strategy for Electronic Business by Using McCarthys Four Marketing Mix Model and Porter’s Five Competitive Forces’, Emerging Markets Journal, 2(2), pp. 46-58. Bass, A. (2008) Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial, Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. BBC, (2012) GlaxoSmithKline to pay $3bn in US drug fraud scandal [Online]Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18673220[Accessed : 29 October 2014]. Company Spotlight, GlaxoSmithKline (2011) ‘PharmaWatch: CNS’, 10(5), pp. 27-34. Datamonitor: GlaxoSmithKline Plc. (2011) ‘GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis,’ pp. 1-8. Dykeman, D., Abramson, D. (2011) ‘Patent strategies for life sciences companies to navigate the changing patent landscape’, Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 17(4), pp. 358-364. doi:10.1057/jcb.2011.30 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL (2012) ‘SeeNews Research Profiles (Company Profiles)’, pp. 2836-2839. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis (2014) ‘GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-10. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis. (2012) GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-8. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis. (2014) GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-10. Griffin, R. W. (2012) Fundamentals of management.6th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ienciu, I. (2012) ‘Environmental Reporting and Corporat e Governance for Ftse 100 Listed Companies,’ Annals of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 21(2), pp. 681-687. Juliano, R. L. (2013) ‘Pharmaceutical innovation and public policy: The case for a new strategy for drug discovery and development’, Science Public Policy (SPP), 40(3), pp. 393-405. Koo, C., Koh, C, E, Nam, K. (2004) ‘An Examination of Porters Competitive Strategies in Electronic Virtual Markets: A Comparison of Two On-line Business Models’, International Journal Of Electronic Commerce, 9(1), pp. 163-180. Morrow Jr., J. L., Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Holcomb, T. R. (2007) ‘Creating value in the face of declining performance: firm strategies and organizational recovery’, Strategic Management Journal, 28(3), pp. 271-283. Pestle Analysis, (2014) ‘Poland Country Profile’, pp. 14-46. Research and, M. (2012) Research and Markets: GlaxoSmithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd.: Company Profile and SWOT Analysis. Business Wire (English). Robson, K. (2013) Service-ability create a customer centric culture and gain competitive advantage. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sus sex, United Kingdom: Wiley. Shakhshir, G. (2014) ‘Positioning Strategies Development’, Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 23(1), pp. 979-988. Weise, K. (2013) ‘Company News: Apple, GlaxoSmithKline’, Alibaba Group, Starbucks, U.K. Internet Operators. Businessweek.Com, p. 24

Critical Evaluation Of Value Chain Analysis Marketing Essay

Critical Evaluation Of Value Chain Analysis Marketing Essay In todays world, due to the development of globalization and the improvement of science and technology, the international economic situation is fast-changing. Whats more, competition is severer than before. It is unadvisable for managers to make a long-term plan and then ask the whole company to implement it days and nights. Managers should analyze the internal environments and external environments continuously surrounding their own company and then make plans in accordance with the analysis. There are lots of approaches which can be used during the strategic analysis process, such as SWOT analysis, PESTIN analysis, Value Chain analysis and Porter Five Forces. Therefore, it is very essential for managers to understand the usages of them during the strategic analysis process. Moreover, the functions of these approaches are also deserved to be researched. The main purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate critically two approaches, value chain analysis and porter five forces, during the strategic analysis process in order to make managers acquaintance with the knowledge about these two approaches and then make better plans for their own companies. There are four parts in this dissertation begun with an introduction. In the second and third parts, this dissertation will provide critical evaluation of value chain analysis and porter five forces separately by some empirical examples to illustrate the disadvantages and advantages of value chain analysis and porter five forces. A conclusion will be made in the end. Critical Evaluation of Value Chain Analysis Used during the Strategic Analysis Process According to Robbins (2009), only depending on value chain analysis, an organization delivers its products or services to its customers fast and quickly. This part will introduce what the value chain analysis is and the general review about value chain analysis. Simultaneously, this part will also explain the disadvantages and advantages of Value Chain Analysis by empirical examples. 2.1 What is Value Chain Analysis? Value chain analysis was proposed in 1985 by Michelle Porter in his book Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (Robinson, 2009) to describe the way of how customer value accumulates along a chain of activities leading to an end product or service (Institute of Management Accountants, 1996). Porter described that value chain analysis was the internal processes or activities performed by a company to design, produce, market, deliver and support its products (Robinson, 2009, pp564). Porter also claimed that the main purpose of value chain analysis is to create a value chain strategy to meet and surpass customers demands and desires (Scholes and Whittington, 2010). And according to Robinson (2009), a successful value chain management should meet the following factors, including collaboration and cooperation, technical investment, organization process, leadership, employees, organizational culture and attitudes. Porter describes two major categories of busine ss activities: primary activities and support activities (Institute of Management Accountants, 1996, pp1). In 1993, Shank and Govindarajan broadened the definition of value chain analysis and states that the value chain is the value-creating activities of any firm to provide products and services to final consumers hands. 2.2 The General review about Value Chain Analysis The importance of value chain analysis propels lots of scholars to spend more time and energies to do researches on value chain analysis. In 2006, Khan, Pochampalli, Ding and Ponce adopted lots of approaches to make strategic case analysis, including value chain analysis taking the analysis of Nucor Corporation as the example. They analyzed Nucor Corporations mission, products and services, leadership, culture, structure and governance and gained the concluded that Nucor Corporation had the unique leadership, strong corporate culture and decentralized structure, which led this company to be successful and have effective corporate governance (Khan, Pochampalli, Ding and Ponce, 2006). In 2003, Dekker wrote an article named Value Chain Analysis in Interfirm Relationships: A Field Study to analyze the influence of value chain analysis on management accounting. In this article, Dekker pointed out that interfirm relationships was the new challenges for management accounting and a value cha in analysis is a useful tool to meet this challenges. Moreover, Awa and other scholars also proposed a research called collaborative experience of value chain architecture: a systemic paradigm to building customer loyalty in 2011. There are still another researches on value chain analysis, due to the limited space, this dissertation will not list them one by one. 2.3 Explain the Disadvantages and Advantages of Value Chain Analysis by Empirical Examples According to Robinson (2009), value chain analysis has a lot of advantages and disadvantages. In this part, this dissertation will explain the disadvantages and advantages of Value Chain Analysis by empirical examples. 2.3.1 The advantages of Value Chain Analysis by Empirical Examples Before listing the advantages of value chain analysis, this dissertation first show a survey result about the benefits of value chain analysis made by Taninecz (2000) (p44). From this survey result, it is reasonable to gain the conclusion that a successful value chain analysis can improve the services level to the customers. If the company performs well on each point of the value chain and the employees cooperate well and try their best to optimize service process, the service level to the customers can be improved (Scholes and Whittington, 2010). Meanwhile, a successful value chain analysis can help company increase sales, save cost, increase market, reduce inventory and improve logistics management (Robinson, 2009). Therefore, value chain analysis emphasizes not only the production process but also the various activities that make up the chain (McCormick and Onjala, 2007). Tetra-Pak, a multinational food packaging and processing company of Swedish, is one of the excellent examples which reconfigured the value chain in the packaging industry (Institute of Management Accountants, 1996). Tetra-Pak designs and uses a filling machine to package step by step, which brings a great change to the packaging industry (Institute of Management Accountants, 1996). Under this circumstance, no space in filling and packing would be wasted. According to the survey made by institute of management accountants (1996), the famous furniture Sweden Company IKEA also reconfigures the value chain and IKEA Company divides its operation activities into several parts, including design, assembly and even home delivery and has specific requirements in each activity, which also brings a revolution to the furniture industry in Swedish and even worldwide. Nucor Corporation is one of the largest steel manufacturers in the United States and takes value chain analysis during the strategic analysis process (Ding, Khan, Pochampalli and Ponce, 2006). According to them (2006), the value chain of Nucor Corporation includes firm infrastructure, human resource, technology development, procurement, logistics and other activities and due to the usage of value chain analysis help Nucor Corporation establish strong organization culture and unique leadership, which provide an excellent foundation for this company. All in all, value chain analysis during the strategic analysis process can help managers to divide operation activities into several different activities and assign tasks to specific employees and then through the cooperation and collaboration between employees, company can be a success. 2.3.2 The Disadvantages of Value Chain Analysis by Empirical Examples In the section 2.3.2, this dissertation has introduced the advantages of value chain analysis. However, managers should overcome some obstacles when they adopt value chain analysis during the strategic analysis process. In other words, there are some deficiencies of value chain analysis. For example, if the employees are unwilling to change their status and to share information between each other, they can not collaborate and cooperate with each other. Under this circumstance, the value chain analysis can not be implemented fully and effectively (McCormick and Onjala, 2007). Secondly, excessive trust between employees also can lead value chain analysis to become a failure (Scholes and Whittington, 2010). The implementing of value chain analysis needs employees and managers have necessary abilities, such as the abilities of good coordination and team spirits and the abilities to train all the employees. However, it is difficult for managers and employees to make themselves acquaintanc e with these abilities. For example, American Standard Company, Deere Company and Furon Company have come across lots of big difficulties. Due to the development of information technology and knowledge economy, the global economic situation is fast-changing. The managers have to change the value chain of the operation activities according to the change of environment. Therefore, if the company wants to make a long-term plan, the value chain will lose its efficiency, otherwise the company will spend lots of costs to change the value chain and organize employees to implement the value chain (Cadle, Paul and Turner, 2010). Pentagon Company, a famous high technology company in the United States, has no chance to take value chain analysis during the strategic analysis process if this company can not ensure the security of its own website (Robinson, 2009). Therefore, there are still some disadvantages of value chain analysis. 3. Critical Evaluation of Porters Five Forces Used during the Strategic Analysis Process Same as the value chain analysis, Porters Five Forces also has advantages and disadvantages, which will be exposed in this part by some empirical examples. 3.1 What is Porters Five Forces? Porters Five Forces Analysis is a theory made by Michael Porter, who is a professor in Harvard University. He came up with five factors that may influence the profitability of a company, namely the intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, threat of entry by new competitors, pressure from substitute products, bargaining power of buyers, and bargaining power of suppliers (Scholes and Whittington, 2010). First, the rivalry can be weak or intensive. If it is weak, theres no need to worry about it. But if it is intensive, it should be pay much more attention to. When having the intensive rivalry among existing competitors, one is likely to be in a cut-throat position. Many factors will influence the intensity of rivalry, including the size of competitors, the costs of products, and the product differentiation (Scholes and Whittington, 2010). Second, the new companies are the other threats to ones benefits. They will become the obstacles to expend your market scale and cut off your market share (Robinson, 2009). Third, pressure from substitute products is another barrier for a company to get interests. Fourth, bargaining power of buyers is of the vital importance in the effect of the benefits (Scholes and Whittington, 2010). Since the profit margin has close relationship with the price. When the price is low, the profit margin may be high and vise versa. Last but not the least, bargaini ng power of suppliers is much similar to the factor of bargaining power of buyers. When the supply price is low, the costs of the product are low. Therefore, the profit margin will be high due to the low cost. 3.2 The General Review about Porters Five Forces As mentioned before, Porters Five Forces Analysis has its own characteristics. These are helpful when used as managerial strategies in big decision of the company. Most of the researches about the Porters Five Forces Analysis is based on the prior experiments, collective data and analysis. For example, the application of the Porter Five Forces Analysis in Internet (Nikolopoulos, 2005 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °and automobile industry (Cafferky, 2005) . All these researches can be viewed as the practical theories for future use. Undoubtedly, the aim of these studies is to find out the managerial problems and ways to solve these problems. This model is strive to improve the companys performance through the analysis, namely which part of its market it the most profitable one and which is the most cost-consuming one. After the Porters Five Forces Analysis, great efforts should be made to maximize the former market and minimize the latter market. It will help the company make the greatest profits as well. The well management of the five most important factors influencing the market share will reduce the difficulties standing in the progressing path. This framework of the Porters Five Forces can also define the opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses. Ones structure coping with these five forces can determine competitiveness of the company. 3.3 Explain the Disadvantages and Advantages of Porters Five Forces by Empirical Examples The Porters Five Forces Analysis has its advantages and disadvantages. If used well, it will help make great profits for a company. As for the advantages, it is very simple and direct. It has a simple framework in dealing with managerial problems. However, it also has shortcomings. For examples, it is not as clear as the Value Chain Analysis. The five factors cannot be separated clearly when analyzing. On the other hand, it can be easily affected by other factors, such as the size of the company, different economic environment and national investments. 3.3.1 Advantages of Porters Five Forces There are many advantages of Porters Five Forces Analysis, but two are among the most important ones. The first one is simplicity. Compared to other models, it is very simple. Five factors are easy to define. In the Mobile Company, the Porters theory provides an easy access to the information about these areas. It is known to all, this area is much more complicated regarding the practical market. But the five factors narrow these complicated factors down to the relationship among the suppliers, the sellers, and the buyers. The cash flows among the three most important participators. The main rivalries in this field in China are China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom. The competition is still very fierce (Wu, 2012). As the emerging of the iphones and various kinds of smart phones, China Unicom Company begins to take on the stage by its excellent 3G service. The company can quickly identify its valuable market and worthless market by the Porters theory. Here the word valuable mea ns that it will make profits for the company and worthless means that it makes little contribution to the companys benefits. Although there isnt the fourth competitor, the potential threats still exist. However, from Porters theory, the problems can be simply defined and solutions can be easily made to solve the problems. The second one is directness. The diagram of the Porters Five Forces Analysis seems very direct to analyze. In automobile industry, substitute products are used in order to improve the performance and to increase profits. It goes straight to the point so that the weakness and threats. For example, the General Motors Corp decides to reduce the carbon emission of its cars. So it tries its best to cooperate with an Italy company who can produce the environmental-friendly combustion motor. With the new motors, the company successfully increases its competitiveness and decreases its costs. Innovation ranks the most important factor affecting ones profitability. Without innovation, one could not move forward. But if substitute products are used instead of innovation, it may be a solution at the moment. And in modern society, such action can express its good images of being responsible. It means the company is not a profit-striving business man. It cares about people, society and the whole world. 3.3.2 Disadvantages of Porters Five Forces The first one is that it is unclear. The five forces may be easy to define, but it has no clear boundary. Each involves many details. What is more important, they cannot be separated clearly. In other words, they overlap each other. For instance, in the steel industry, the supplier power changes with the buyer power, and the buyer power is also swifts with the supplier power. They are mutually influenced. It is difficult to say which one is the fatal factor. Also in the General Motors Corp, five factors should be analyzed together. None of them can be separated from others. For example, the threats of the new entry warn the General Motors Corp to change its traditional producing forms. New technology should be employed to enhance its images and competitiveness. Therefore, the company analyses all of the five factors to solve the problems and to expand its market share all over the world. Second, it is easy to be influenced by other uncontrollable factors. Also in the steel industry, it has gone through many stages, from immature to mature (Ponce, 2006). When at the immature stage of lifecycle, the suppliers and the buyers are instable, while in the mature stage, they are consolidate. Different states of the buyer power and the supplier power will lead to different problems. It is too hush to make decision only according the only five factors. An overview should be made to identify the whole situation. And a comprehensive thinking should be put into the analysis. Although there are shortcomings of the Porters Five Forces Analysis, it is still a valuable framework used to discriminate the strength, weakness, threats and opportunities of the company. And it is useful to solve various problems that one could meet. Conclusion In conclusion, managers should make plans for their own companies according the fast-changing economic situation worldwide and during the strategic analysis process, it is essential for them to adopt some useful approaches, such as value chain analysis, SWOT analysis, porter five forces analysis and the like. Therefore, this dissertation provides a critical evaluation of value chain analysis and porter five force during the strategic analysis process. Before representing the advantages and disadvantages of value chain analysis and porter five forces, this dissertation has provide the definition and general literature review about these two approaches. From the above analysis, it is reasonable to conclude that the value chain analysis and porter five forces have advantages as well as disadvantages, which can help managers to learn about the general knowledge about these two approaches. Meanwhile, during the strategic analysis process, the managers can make full use of their advantages to gain more efficiency. Due to the limited energy and time, limitations must exist in any kind of research. This dissertation mainly takes the secondary data, which mainly are from journals, books and website, so it is difficult to ensure that the data are reliable enough. Due to the limited space, this dissertation can not explain all the disadvantages and advantages of these approaches and the listed examples may not represent all the industries and be typical. And all of these are the key points which are needed to be improved in the future. In the end, this dissertation will give the audiences some suggestions for future research to do the researches about the merits and demerits of these approaches better in the future. For example, the researchers should do some practical surveys about these two approaches to learn about the usage situations in different industries. Secondly, the researches also can make good use of books, journals, websites and even magazines to gain more and better information to give more specific analysis about the disadvantages and advantages about these two approaches.

Tag-derived Simple Sequence Repeat Markers of Olive

Tag-derived Simple Sequence Repeat Markers of Olive Identification and functional annotation of expressed sequence Tag-Derived Simple Sequence Repeat Markers of olive (Olea europaea) Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important oil producing crops in world, the genetic identification of several genotypes by using molecular markers is the first step in breeding programs. A large number of Olea europaea expressed sequence tags (ESTs) 11,215 were done from the NCBI database and used to search for microsatellites. Our result Explained that 8295 SSRs were present and its percentage of occurrence which about 77.6%,11.84%,8.62%,0.84%,0.77% and 0.29% for Mononucleotide, trinucleotide, dinucleotide, hexanucleotide, pentanucleotide and tetranucleotide respectively. The appearance of the AAG/CTT repeat was highly percentage in trinucleotide and percentage of AG/CT was highly in dinucleotide repeats. By using flanking region of SSRs repeat we designed 1,801 EST-SSR primer pairs. The result obtained from Functional annotation of olive EST sequences containing SSRs indicated that 81% of these sequence having homology with known proteins, while 1.55% was homologou s to hypothetical or unknown proteins and the 17.37% sequences did not possess homology with any known proteins. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation revealed that EST containing SSRs were implicated in diverse biological process include cellular and metabolic process, while in molecular function includes catalytic activity, binding and enzyme regulator activity. A total of 93 different pathways were significant matches in the KEGG database, which divided onto Carbohydrate metabolism such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and the Energy metabolism such as Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organism pathway, also this included 11 different pathways from Lipid metabolism such as Fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. We isolate a genomic DNA from 9 olive cultivars and tested with 25 random selected primer pairs for amplification and polymorphism detection. All tested primers, exhibited successfully amplified and detected polymorphism. Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most superannuated and important long lived fruit species in Mediterranean [1], its diploid species (2n = 2x = 46), and the genome size range between 2.90 pg/2C and 3.07 pg/2C, with 1C = 1,400 1,500 Mbp [2]. Olea europaea is one of the first domesticated crops from Oleaceae family, and it cultivated for table olives and edible oil [3], a long history of olive cultivation in the Middle East was descriptions by archaeology and botanists [4]. The olive cultivars are high of number that more than 1200 cultivars [5], also the accessions are available in a large numbers in olive producing countries, that occurrence a problems for germplasm preservation and it management [6]. The genetic identification and characterizing of several genotypes by using molecular markers is the first step in breeding programs [7], and by increased rate of mutation in microsatellites repeats that show a highly level of length polymorphism [8]. With the improvement and increasing of DNA sequencing technology, sequencing of expressed gene are used to obtain a large collection of EST which are isolated from a specific tissue and stage on organism [3]. Recent EST-SSR studies have reported that the EST is uses a source of SSRs and that reveal highly polymorphism [9]. EST sequences Available in public database and by using bioinformatics tools can determine and development of SSR markers in that EST sequences [10]. In olive that can be allow to development of new functional marker and use it in molecular breeding [11]. Also it can use as useful tools for gene and marker discovery, gene mapping and functional comparative studies. EST-SSRs recently reported in several plant species, such as Musa [12], Finger Millet [13], Jatropha Curcas [14], Pineapple [15], Celery [16], Lettuce [17], Barley [18], Radish [19], Citrus [20], Watermelon [21], Sugarcane [22], grapes [23], Cereal species [24] and bread wheat [25]. A large number of EST sequences in olive are available on database it can be a useful resource to develop gene based markers. The aim of this study was to use bioinformatics tools to develop and identify a new genic marker EST-SSR in Olive, to compare the frequency and distribution of different repeat types in genic sequences. Also determine the localization of these primers in different pathways in plant, to use it as tools to differences between the olive cultivars. The Source of Sequence, screening and primer designing of microsatellites. EST database used a source of olive EST sequences from NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). A total of 11,215 ESTs sequences of Olea europaea are available and used in this study. Identification of SSRs by using the perl script MISA (MIcroSAtellite identification tool; http://pgrc.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/).The criteria used to determine SSR repeat were: mononucleotide ≠¥ 10, dinucleotide ≠¥ 6, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide, pentanucleotide, and hexanucleotide ≠¥ 5, and the maximal number of bases interrupting two SSRs in a compound microsatellite are 100 bp. The flanking region of SSR motifs used to design SSR primers by using primer3_core [26]. The parameters used were: optimum length of primer 20 nucleotides, optimum annealing temperature (Tm) of 58 °C, expected amplified products size of 100-500 bp and optimum G/C content 50 %. Validation of designed primer For primer validation, we designed 25 EST-SSR primers and test these primers on 9 olive cultivars. Total genomic DNA was extracted from olive leaves using Plant Genomic DNA Kit (QiGen). PCR amplification was conducted in 25  µ l reactions containing 50 ng of template DNA, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 5  µ l 5X PCR buffer, 0.5 mM each primer, 0.5 U Taq DNA polymerase, and 2.5 mM dNTPs. The PCR cycling profile was 94 °C for 5 min, 35 cycles at 94 °C for 45 s, the optimum annealing temperature for each primer pair shown on (Table S1) for 50 s, 72 °C for 45 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The quality of the PCR product was checked by mixing it with an equal volume of loading buffer and then visualizing the band on a 1.5% agarose gel in TBE buffer at 100 W for 120 min. Identification of EST-SSRs Putative Function annotation The putative function annotation of EST sequences contains SSR performed by used Blast2go program [27] to BLAST against a reference database. Also blast2go program are containing many features such as Gene Ontology (GO), Enzyme Commission (EC), and KEGG annotation. Distribution of various repeat type in olive Our result referred to 4,088 EST sequences about 36.45% from 11,215 of Olea europaea EST sequences as containing 8,295 various motif SSRs that Due to the EST sequences maybe contain more than one SSR motif (Table 1), and this number based on the criteria we used it to identify SSR motifs in the EST sequence. The investigation of different types of SSR repeats in our result showed that the highest percentage of appearance mononucleotide repeats were 77.64%, followed by trinucleotide 11.84%, dinucleotide 8.62%, hexanucleotide 0.84%, pentanucleotide 0.77% and tetranucleotide 0.29% (Fig. 1). The higher abundant of trinucleotide in coding regions were consistent with the previous studies in eukaryotic genomes [28, 31]. In mononucleotide A/T repeats 88.8% were higher than the G/C 11.2% motifs, and these results were proportionate with SSRs analysis of chloroplast SSRs on Olea species [29] and with SSRs analysis of major cereal organelle genome [28]. GA motifs were representing 55% from dinucleotide motifs in olive EST sequences. According to previously studies from foxtail millet [31], barley, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat [30], GA motifs were the most abundant motifs in these crops. AG/CT and GA/TC motifs were the most frequent respectively and CG motifs the lowest frequencies were found in olive, this case reported in the distribution of microsatellites on three different plant families that Brassicaceae, Solanaceae and Poaceae [32]. Dinucleotide motif can represent to multiple codons that depending on the reading frame and can translate into different amino acids such as, AG/CT motif can represent AGA, GAG, CUC and UCU codons in mRNA and translate into the amino acids Glu, Arg, Leu and Ala respe ctively, Ala and Leu were present in protein at higher frequencies, hence the higher incidence of GA, CT motifs in the EST sequences [33]. This could be one of the reasons why GA, CT motifs are present at such highly appearance in EST collections [34], dinucleotide repeats that located on coding regions are more sensitive to any change such as any addition or deletion because that causes a frame shifts and will give different amino acids [35]. As for trinucleotide TCT, TTC were the most common repeat motif in olive EST (Table 2), While AAG/CTT motifs were the most common in chloroplast of Olea species SSRs [29], however, in other crops such as barley, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat CCG or AAC were the most common trinucleotide repeat [30]. Our results revealed that tetranucleotide motifs AATC, CTTT are the most common; however the most common in Olea species SSRs chloroplast were AAAG, CTTT [29]. Pentanucleotide and hexanucleotide AAAAT and GAAAAA respectively are the most common repeat motif in our results while [29] found AATCC was the most common on pentanucleotide in Olea species SSRs chloroplast and hexanucleotide was not found. Design and validate of EST-SSR In this study, we designed 1,801 PCR primer pairs from the 8295 SSR motifs of Olea europaea EST, The designed primers were referred as Oe-ESSR_xxxx, where Oe-ESSR referred to Olea europaea EST SSR, xxxx was referred the number of EST-SSR from 1-1801 and that different of the previously SSR primers designed from chloroplast sequences of Olea species [29]. This primers were listed in the (Table S1), and provide with all information related it such as Primer name, GenInfo Identifier gi number of EST sequence, Repeat type, Repeat Sequence, Length of Repeat, Repeat start on sequence, Repeat end on sequence, Forward and Reveres Primer, Tm ( °C), Length of Primer (bp), product Length (bp), sequence of EST, Sequence Description, gene ontology, Enzyme code and Enzyme Name. We use a sample of 25 primers randomly from these 1,801 EST-SSR primers to validate it by using a genomic DNA isolated from 9 olive cultivars. All tested primers, exhibited successfully amplified and detected polymorphism (Fig. 2). Putative Function annotation of EST-SSRs The putative function annotation of the EST sequences containing SSR performed by used Blast2go program [27]. According to the Blast2go result, 81% from EST sequence as homology with known proteins, while hypothetical or unknown proteins were 1.55%, and 17.37% of this EST sequences did not homology with any known proteins. The gene ontology of olive EST sequences containing SSRs using Blast2GO revealed that in the biological processes, the highly appearance of SSR were involved in cellular processes, metabolic, response to stimulus, biological regulation and developmental process, while Signaling, rhythmic processes and growth had the lowest SSR contents among these EST. The molecular function category includes catalytic activity and binding, while cell membrane and organelle were assigned in the cellular component category (Fig. 3). The Similar results were found on functional annotation of the citrus and date palm EST sequences containing SSRs [20, 36]. Our results agreement with t he similar results obtained in [20] which suggested that genes were involved in protein metabolism and biosynthesis were well conserved in plants. Functional classification by KEGG pathway analyses The KEGG Pathway analysis is useful tool to understand the molecular interaction and biological functions [37]. Our study exhibited a total of 93 different pathways include 253 enzymes target by 381 EST-SSR primers were significant matches in the KEGG database (Table S2), this data can Visualization by using circos software [38] (fig. 4). The higher occurrence of SSR on pathways indicated a good potential for using these molecular markers to targeting the enzyme related to the trait subjected in our study. This EST sequences contain SSR were categorized into metabolism, as well as its subcategories, including lipid metabolism (Table 3), carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. In details, the mapping result can further investigated against the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (Fig. 5), Oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 6) and Fatty acid degradation (Fig. 7) pathways as an example of Carbohydrate metabolism, Energy metabolism and Lipid metabolism respectively. Conclusion SSR markers are very important because it is co-dominant, highly polymorphic and can generate from functional regions of the genome. EST-SSR technique have the potential to generate phenotypically linked functional markers and a useful tool can use on genetic diversity, marker assisted selection and genome mapping in olive. 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