Critique Of My Ipc Class - 954 Words

IV. Critique the Theory In my IPC class we discussed five criteria for evaluating theories and those are: scope, testability, parsimony, utility, and heuristic value. Scope refers to how much does the theory describe and explain. The theory describes and explains its rules-based system fairly clearly, although I feel that the rules are a little vague and should be more in depth to have a better understanding for the readers. On the other hand, it explains the main idea of the theory extremely well, very easy to relate to and understand. Testability asks is it testable. This theory is definitely testable, I found numerous studies and experiments examining this theory and the studies were very accurate and brought up valid points. You can see that being informed prior to the study about this theory dramatically changes the results of these experiments compared to participants that haven’t even heard of it and know nothing about it at all. Parsimony is asking is it approp riately simple to understand, describing, explaining, and predicting future events. The best theories are appropriately simple and therefore are more well known and widely used. CPM theory was very simple to understand especially as a freshman in college it really appealed to me because it is so evident in my life right now. The explanation on the theory was very simple to perceive, and the theory directly gave all of the details in ten to twelve easy to understandShow MoreRelatedRe Thinking Queer Bodies Through Law1412 Words   |  6 Pagesqueer subject. The colonial administration created the category of the queer subject as a result of governance, i.e. through the adoption of Indian Penal Code (‘IPC’) in 1860. Section 377 of the IPC criminalized sexual offense against the order of nature (non-procreative sex). The paper historically draws out Section 377 of the IPC. Through a close reading of the judgment the paper focuses on analysing the limits that the law p oses to a discussion of sexuality. The paper, while recognising theRead MoreEssay on Digital Media and Society5371 Words   |  22 PagesFinal exam study Digital Media and Society Week 1 What this class is about†¦ * Humans exchanging meaning * Through messages, by innovating using devices originally intended for corporate and government data management... computers * The debates about emerging media * How these debates are important to you profession development * You are a†¦ knowledge worker Field labels * New communication technology * New media * Digital media Article: how is work changingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmigration numbers is a challenging task. Records of long-distance migration are much more readily available than of short-distance and domestic migrations. But even many long-distance moves—such as those by ship passengers not traveling in third class or steerage—were not categorized as migration. Others were not recorded at all. In some cases, authorities did not have the interest or capacity to keep semiaccurate records; in others, migrants purpose- WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH

Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1061 Words

Throughout Pride and Prejudice (1813) the character of Elizabeth â€Å"Lizzie† comparatively differs from that of her mother, Mrs. Bennet and her younger sister, Lydia. Elizabeth Bennet, Jane Austen’s protagonist was depicted as an intelligent, rebellious and nonconforming woman of the early nineteenth century; a likely prototype of the women’s libber before it became fashionable one hundred years later when women started demanding the right to vote. Intelligent in her own right, Elizabeth had her own thoughts and values and felt she should express herself when the occasion arose, when in fact it was not a socially acceptable trait for women to have in the early nineteenth century. Women, like children were to be seen and not heard. Despite the independent attitude she bore which gave off a disconcertment for her own or her family’s financial wellbeing, â€Å"Lizzie†, ended up conforming to the role expected of her as a woman of her time by agre eing to marry the one man she swore she would never dance with, Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth’s mother Mrs. Bennet was the humorous epitome of a stereotypical middle class woman of the late eighteen hundreds England. She was considered by those in higher statuses as lower class; her loud boisterous behavior lacked a certain ladylike refinement of the upper classes that Mrs. Bennet herself strived for her daughters to attain through marriage. The character of Mrs. Bennet reflected the adherence to the expected roles of women in her time.Show MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1467 Words   |  6 Pages Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a classic novel that has remained relevant even years after its release. Its themes and symbols are understandable to even the most modern of reader. One of the many themes is sisterhood, something that is focused on constantly throughout the novel. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, finds many of her decisions to be based upon the actions of her sisters. Making sisterhood a main driving force. Whether they are confiding in each other for marriageRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen872 Words   |  4 PagesIn my personal cherished novel, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the worlds of two immensely divergent people display the marxist idea of the importance of social status and its affect on the people. The two main characters seem to be on opposite ends of the earth in terms of an affluent Mr. Darcy being so privileged while on the contrary, Miss Elizabeth Bennet is of a lower class. Throughout the novel, there is a fine distinction between their clashing opinions and actions that are highly influencedRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageshe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1285 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice Analysis I.Introduction Jane Austen wrote her novels during the time period known as the Regency. The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, a time where ideas like democracy, secularism, and the rise of developing sciences were making their way across Europe had come to an end.It was replaced with the wave of horror that was the French Revolution, a once minor revolt that escalated into a violent war, concluding with the rise of Napoleon, which whom England fought against the majorityRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1384 Words   |  6 PagesNicole Voyatzis Professor W. Acres HISTORY 1401E May 26, 2015 Discussion Paper - Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice written in 1813 by Jane Austen tells the story of The Bennet’s and their five unmarried daughters. The family live as part of the lower gentry in early 19th century England. With that being said, Mrs. Bennet’s primary focus in life is to ensure that all her daughters are married, preferably to wealthy men. The book begins with Mrs. Bennet seeing an opportunity for her daughtersRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe comical novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen depicts the love life of women in the early 1800’s. Austen shows the hardships young women in that time period had to go threw to find their place in this world. Women were thought of as objects to the men, they were supposed to be stay at home mothers, or simple just a accessory to their partner. Women were the subordinates in life, as they still are today. Austen tells the story of how Mrs. Bennet (a mother of 5) works tirelessly to get her daughte rsRead MoreJane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 1086 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen, born December 16, 1775, was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction earned her a place as one of the most widely read authors in English literature. Austen’s novels critique the life of the second half of the eighteenth century and are part of the transition to nineteenth-century realism. Though her novels were by no means autobiographical, her fictional characters do shed light on the facts of her life and but more importantly, they offered aspiring writers a model of howRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen914 Words   |  4 Pages Bell 1 Natalie Bell Pedersen English 4 honors 29 February 2016 Pride and Prejudice Essay Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, focuses on the social conflicts of England during the 1800s. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy fall in love, and face social criticism. Mr. Darcy struggles with the ideology of societal expectations while falling in love with Elizabeth Bennet. After persistent self-reflection, Mr. Darcy overcomes the stereotype of whom he should marry, and marries ElizabethRead More Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1104 Words   |  5 Pagesrate of over 50% from 1970-2010. However, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, marriage was often one of the few choices for a woman’s occupation. Reading Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen from the twenty-first century perspective might make some matters that are stressed in the book seem dated or trivial. As Pride and Prejudice was set sometime during the Napoleonic Wars, it is only fitting that finding a proper marriage is on the minds of many of the women in the book. Marriage and marrying

Taxation - Theory - Practice and Law Income and Earning

Question: Describe about the Taxation, Theory, Practice and Law for Income and Earning. Answer: Case Study 1- Residence and Source As per the given case study, Fred shall be taxed on the grounds of being a resident in Australia and as he has resided for more than 11 months before he returned back to England. Due to this fact, his income and earnings from France at the time of his employment in England will also be considered for the purpose of Australian tax assessment. Due to the intricacies involved in the assessment of the issues of the residency, it is likely stay dependent upon the individual personal situations. Although it has to be considered that one cannot put much emphasis on the importance of lucidity in the subject of residency and the immigrants seeking suitable advice in advance of a particular undertaking of the contract or business venture. During the tax evaluation, Fred is considered as the primary resident of Australia being given the fact he has resided for more than 183 days. As per the taxation rules any migrant residing in Australia for more than 183 days either sporadically or incessantly is liable to be taxed. It has to be also noted that Fred holds a lease 12 months. It is also seen that Fred stayed with his wife during that period before returning to his local place due to ailing conditions. As per Australian taxation agency, an individual can only be excluded from tax only when he/she has satisfied the conditions of dwelling outside Australia. The law also states that the person must not have any intention of taking up residence. As per the domicile test, it has been observed that taxation ruling no. IT 2650clearly states that the individuals national state is the place where individual is born until he or she migrates to a separate country and adopts a domicile of their personal choice. According to the case study Fred is a resident of Britain and intends to operate his business in Australia. However in terms of his tenure of stay it is not sufficient as he resided in Australia for more than 11 months and took a house on lease for period exceeding 12 months returning to his native place due to ill health. Based on the aforementioned conditions the residential status of Fred is considered based on his stay at Australia and the residency test further provides the information that the liability of taxes dependent on the situations of his stay. It has to be also noted that if a person comes back to his place of origin then the regularity, occurrence and that tenure concerning those trips can become an important factor. In case the primary reasons for an individuals absence from Australia is due to business, then this fact is not enough to support the claims that the person is not an inhabitant. Moreover, the ties with his family and business in Australia, Fred is liable to be taxed under the Income Tax Act. Case study 2 Ordinary Income I. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The case considers the problems related to realization of capital assets and the scope of exploitation of earnings from sale of property for the presence of minerals in form of capital or ordinary income. Law: the different types of ruling procedure provides a uniform direction in determining whether income of the company is as a result of the profit generated from isolated dealings under subsequent25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Arthur 2016). The main components of the isolated transactions are: Such transactions which are included to non-business taxpayers and; Transactions which are outside the ordinary course of business of a tax payer with respect to individual carrying out trade and commerce activities Outcome: As stated by Arthur (2016), the outcome of such a situation states that the taxpayer has to be assessed based on profit generated from the sale of land. These profits are considered as income in nature. It has to be further noted that the taxpayer intended to generate profit by selling the land. Hence, it indicates that the taxpayer never had a sufficient amount of funds to perform mining activities in the land. As per the statement given by Lord of justice, it has to be understood that the owner of an ordinary investment has the choice to realize it so that it taxpayer may act in a higher price when the acquisition is done on it enhanced price and not based on profit. It has been stated as per Sense of Schedule D of the Income Tax Act of 1842, which is further assessable to the income tax act (Mares and Queralt 2015). I. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The aforementioned case takes into consideration several issues, which we are identified as the result of his net income. The case also considers whether any sale of land or subdivision has been used for the purpose of mining activities, which were assessable in form of the realization of capital or in form of ordinary income. Law: Capital Gains Tax: As per the law given by capital gains tax, the gains or loss can be realized if a CGT event takes place or due to any capital gains from assets. As stated under section 108-5(1) of the income tax assessment act 1997 that the origin of capital gains is described as any form of legal equitable right or a property that is not recognized as a property (Samuel 2013). Outcomes: The decision approved by the authority can be cited as the proposition of meager realization of an asset as in an enterprising way on capital. It is to be further understood that the report by common law states that the case prolonged for two days for hearing furthermore the judgment took six days. Additionally, it can be understood that there cannot be a long factual inquiry made into the several activities of the taxpayer or the extensive nature of disputes regarding the accounting and other problems associated with the case. The outcome further indicates that the substantial commercial exercise was a mere capital assets realization (Barnett and Harder 2014). II. FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR The following case study takes into consideration whether the taxpayer was assessable as per the norms of profit on sales of subdivided land listed under section 25(1) or 26(a) or whether it was an incidence of realization of the capital assets. Law: The directions given as per this law offers in determination of proceedings which have occurred from Isolated transactions which are treated as income or assessable under subsection 25 (1) of the Income Tax Act Assessment Act 1936 (Fleischer 2015). On the contrary the rulings is not accountable for application of section 25 A of the capital gains and capital losses under provision (Part IIIA) or Division of Part III. Outcomes: Based on the verdict given by Wilson JJ, Murohy, Gibbs CJ and Mason it was noted that the taxpayer where assessable on the ground of profits which was generated as a result of sale of land as stated under section 25 (1). The High Court further clarified that the profit had exceeded the boundary of realizing a capital asset and the activities, which are constituted in carrying out the business activities based on the land development. The profit sourced from the sale of land was assessable under the second limb of section 26 (a) as a form of profit taking place by any scheme or undertaking. Although as per the statement given by Mason J and Gibbs, the second limb is only operational when section 25 (1) does not take into consideration the profit sourced from gross income (Burke 2016). The outcome is further noted by profits, which was to be computed after subtraction from the gross proceeds as a result of relevant sales value of the land on a specific date when it was ventured in land development business of the taxpayer. III. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The aforementioned case relates to questioning of the proceedings which is received as a result of sale of its subdivided lots constituting assessable income either are under listed as per section 25 (1) or 26 (a). Law: Assessable income: As stated by Davison et al. (2016), the selling activities from the origin of the acquired subdivided land was used for the purpose of farming along with proceeds derived from carrying on a business represented any kind of sheer realization of the assets. Outcomes: As per the rulings of federal court the net proceeds sourced from the selling of subdivided land did not constitute of assessable income under section 25 (1) or 26 (a). As per the statement given by Hartigan JJ, Woodward and Lockhart it was further observed that the mere realization of asset with the profit does not mandatorily provide the taxable profit. It was further stated by them that the profit must take place as a result of carrying out business undertaking (Ricketson et al. 2012). Hence, it has to be noted that the mere degree of realization is not responsible for converting it into a business unit are schemes however the amount of realization activities must be taken into account while accessing the nature of undertakings as per (ATC p 4075). IV. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 As per the given case study, it shows the determination of profit arise out of selling of subdivision parts of property which is assessable either under section 25(1) or 25A (Horngren et al. 2013). Law: The aforementioned case falls under the purview of assessable income which outlines the sales of subdivided land obtained initially and utilized for the purpose of farming (Bently and Sherman 2014). The law further questions whether the profits have occurred from the various types of business activities or it is any form of mere realization of the capital assets. Outcomes: As per the rulings of federal court, the earnings were not derived out of any form of commercial subdivision of property or any form of profit making undertaking or scheme. As per the court rulings, it was stated that the profit were sourced from a part of realization of capital asset of the taxpayer. It was further derived from the case that the taxpayer was always involved in conducting his business activities related to fencing and farming along with his sons and wife. However, as per the rulings of the case he did not attempt to bring any sort of action view into the accountability as a partnership asset (Hart Clark and Fazzani 2013). It was also observed the taxpayer did not seek any claim for the business expenses in form of interest, which was taken to repay the various types of cost related to sub divisional overheads. The court further fostered the verdict by stating that the action view was obtained by the taxpayer with the motive of primary production that no profit from s ales is assessable in accordance with the first limb of Section 25A (1). The court further ruled that neither of the second limb of the subsections had any applications as the sales did not take place during the course of carrying on with the profit undertaking scheme. V. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 As per the aforementioned case study questions on the viability of section 25 (1) or 26 (a) include the taxpayer assessable income with respect to the amount obtained by taxpayer as a result of the subtraction of the relevant cost to derive the profit as a result of selling of land. Law: The High Court ruled that the guidance in determination of the profit generated from the individual income as to whether they are assessable under section 25(1) of the income tax Assessment Act 1936 (Morse 2013). Although it has to be noted that the rulings did not consider the applicability of section 25A which is as a result of taxpayers capital gains are capital losses under division 6A of Part III are under provision of (Part IIIA) (Fuest et al. 2013). Outcomes: The outcomes generated from various types of court rulings states that the amount received from the taxpayers was because of isolated transactions. The associated relevant profit was further taken into account as income in terms of general concept which is in compliance with the decision passed by High Court in FC of T v The Emporium LTD 87 ATC 4363 and hence it is constituted as assessable income under section 25(1) (Dwyer et al. 2013). As per the given case study, the taxpayers also acquired the land in order to work as well as the sand the land and further sell it to earn profit (Palan, Murphy, and Chavagneux 2013). It was further noted that the profit was generated from restarting of the land activities by the course production board which still formed a part of the assessable profit notwithstanding with the fact that taxpayer had no intentions to dispose the land in the initial stage. It was rather observed that the taxpayer sold the land as and when it became ideal enough for s ubdivision. As per the rulings of the court the profit was also assessable as per second limbs of section 26 (a) as it was derived from the execution of profit-making scheme are undertaking (Morse 2013). VI. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The aforementioned case study questions on the applicability of subsection 25 (1) or section 26 (a) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 which shows the operability to include the various factors of assessable income of the taxpayers profit derived from selling off land activities near Hobart (Deegan 2012). Law: Assessable income: The rulings of the law states that the sale of subdivided land was acquired and used for purpose of farming along with the different types of proceeds generated from carrying on a business activity are illustration of meager realization of capital assets Outcomes: As per the decision stated for the case it was clear that the property was utilized in form of a mine for a longer tenure than it was used as a farming business as given in the case. The different types of rulings of the court further suggested that the taxpayer was involved in boring activities for the purpose of purchasing five large blocks of land and subsequently conducting farming activities on the same. It was also observed that at a later stage, the taxpayer decided to sell off some portion of the land and hence he was assessable on the profit for carrying on business relating to development of the land. VII. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The given case questions on the profit accumulated because of sale of land which is assessable under section 25 (1). Law: Assessable income: the law as per the assessable income clearly states that the taxpayers are evaluated under the section 25 (1) of the Income Tax Assessable Act 1936 on the profit from the sale of land. Based on this it was derived as a profit making undertaking scheme (Corones 2014). Although it should be noted that this particular, section is not applicable for sale of property which is acquired on or after 20 September 1985. Outcomes: The outcomes as per the law clearly reflects that the taxpayers had a blood relationship off being a brother and both of them use their own funds and credits financed from bank for the purpose of purchasing land on which their house was built. On the other hand it was observed that the taxpayers cleared their old house for the purpose of constructing three townhouses on the same area of land. As per the rulings of the court, it was stated that if a property acquired during the course of commercial dealing or business with an intention to generate profit from the development of sale, then that venture shall not be considered as an investment. The rule of the court further states that the profit accumulated forms a part of the income [sec 25 (1)] (Campbell 2013). The rulings of the court further states that the in such a situation the taxpayer is considered under the purview of commercial dealings. Hence the taxpayers were not carrying a business activity and the profit derived from tr ansaction that can be considered as a commercial dealings (Sidhu and Christie 2015). Reference List Arthur, G., 2016. Tax files: Taxation duties of executors. Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia), 38(2), p.28. Barnett, K. and Harder, S., 2014. Remedies in Australian Private Law. Cambridge University Press. Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014. Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Burke, K.C., 2016. Taxing Risky and Non-Risky Compensation: Section 707 (a)(2)(A). Journal of Taxation of Investments, 33(4). Campbell, D., 2013. International joint ventures. Juris Publishing, Inc.. Cohen-Kurzrock, B.A., 2015. What's It Worth to You-A Brief Evaluation of the 2016 Greenbook Consistency in Valuations for Transfer and Income Tax Proposal. HLRe: Off Rec., 6, p.99. Corones, S., 2014. Sector-specific regimes. Thomson Reuters Lawbook Co. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2016. Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R. and Hoque, S., 2013. Economic impacts of a carbon tax on the Australian tourism industry. Journal of travel research, 52(2), pp.143-155. Fleischer, V., 2015. Two and Twenty Revisited: Taxing Carried Interest as Ordinary Income Through Executive Action Instead of Legislation. Available at SSRN 2661623. Fuest, C., Spengel, C., Finke, K., Heckemeyer, J. and Nusser, H., 2013. Profit shifting and'aggressive'tax planning by multinational firms: Issues and options for reform. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (13-044). Hart, T., Clark, S. and Fazzani, L., 2013. Intellectual property law. Palgrave Macmillan. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Mares, I. and Queralt, D., 2015. The non-democratic origins of income taxation. Comparative Political Studies, 48(14), pp.1974-2009. Morse, S.C., 2013. Startup Ltd.: Tax Planning and Initial Incorporation Location. Fla. Tax Rev., 14, p.319. Palan, R., Murphy, R. and Chavagneux, C., 2013. Tax havens: How globalization really works. Cornell University Press. Ricketson, S., Richardson, M. and Davison, M., 2012. Intellectual property: cases, materials and commentary. LexisNexis Butterworths. Samuel, G., 2013. Law of Obligations Legal Remedies. Routledge. Sidhu, R.K. and Christie, P., 2015. Transnational higher education as a hybrid global/local space: A case study of a Malaysian-Australian joint venture. Journal of Sociology, 51(2), pp.299-316.

Sustainable Management of Forest

Question: Discuss about theSustainable Management of Forest. Answer: Introduction: Contemporary Sustainability Measures can Serve as the Ultimate Tool in Reviving the Balance Between Development and Environment. Human civilization has transformed in ways unimagined by the virtue of trans-global urbanization and the nature has paid the price of it. The alarmingly increasing rate of natural disasters is the ripe evidence of this emerging issue (Higman, 2013). Time has come for the society to take heed of the repercussion of uncontrolled developmental procedures that has affected the natural balance of our environment. Sustainable management of the forest can be defined as the use of forestlands and resources in a manner and rate that maintains the biodiversity, yield and regeneration capacity. (Long and Mock, 2012). This report attempts to highlight three contemporary takes to sustainable forest management and evaluate the pros and cons of it. Selection Cutting: Sustainable forest management has expanded significantly ever since its onset in the 1990s (Kant and Albert Berry, 2005). Selection cutting method aids in the managing the continued growth of several age classes of trees within a particular stand. (Hahn and Knoke, 2010). Despite having few implementation issues, there are benefits that elevates the status of selective cutting, some of them are: Uneven-aged stands usually exhibit higher level of vertical structure that is preferred by various species of birds and mammals. These stands facilitate higher carbon sequestration levels Uneven aged stands are known to produce a higher level of concentrated flow of market and nonmarket woodland resources than even aged stands (Pelleetier et al., 2017). Timber undoubtedly is a valuable and irreplaceable resource, and there will always be need for it. Selective cutting assures the discretion in uprooting trees, and ensures that the particular species has a chance to reseed itself. It also allows better yields to know which trees to log, and which ones to leave out (Higman, 2013). One example of selection cutting can be the Canadian author on alternative forestry, Merve Wilkinson (Van gadow, Pukkala and Tome, 2012). According to him, he could harvest over 1670000 board feet of wood from his own property using selective logging. Research suggests that he could elevate annual growth percentage by 10 % due to selective logging; this example itself validates the viability of the procedure (Duncker et al., 2012). Strip Cutting: Strip cutting is a method of clear cutting that explains the practice of cutting down all stems in a row that attempts to minimize the possibility of wind-throw. This natural forest management technique clear-cuts the narrow strips alternating with every harvest cycle of 40 years (Mori, Lertzman and Gungstafsson, 2016). This method has mostly been utilized in Canada and Northern Alberta in a few forest sites with black spruce boreal forests. Strip clear-cut can be of two types: Alternate strip clear cutting: This technique has two stages, the initial stage produces narrow clearcuts with leave-strips in between, the next stage is after regeneration of first-pass strips (Higman, 2013). Progressive strip clear cutting: This method is almost similar to the alternate striping with just more pass stages than the alternate method The advantages of strip clear cut might not be as much as selection cutting, some of the benefits of strip cuttings are the ease of harvesting as the method only requires harvesting by removing several strips rather than an entire stand with just the restriction of time and expense (Pelletier et al., 2017). Reduction in Road Building in Uncut Forest Areas: Deforestation has taught the world the lesson by the virtue of increasing rate of natural disasters every day. In order to generate more connected communication across the world, each and every strip of land is now connected by roads. However, road building into old growth uncut areas has more cons than pros (Higman, 2013). Different countries have different regulations upon road construction in uncut forests and all these regulations heavily depend on the societal and political aspects of the respective countries, but they all have similar objectives (Pelletier et al., 2017). The increasing rate of road kills and habitat fragmentation has prompted the authority to enforce strict regulations on woodland roadconstruction and many forest roads have been blocked in dense regions. There are some pros to the legislations, Evidence suggests that more than 1 million wild animals are killed in a day due to road accidents all over the world, reduction in road construction in the uncut forest areas will significantly decrease the road kill stats (Von Gadow et al., 2012). Habitat fragmentation is a major concern of the environmentalists and reduction in excessive road construction will reduce the severe risk of biodiversity loss due to habitat fragmentation. Studies suggest that a large number of avian species change their habitat course due to their road aversion tendencies. Reduction of road construction will also ensure a limitation in the soil erosion and will diminish the possibility of disturbance to the forest areas (Von Gadow et al., 2012). On another hand, there are certain cons to the concept as well: Forest products contribute a large chunk to the economy of the nations concerned and the lack of connectivity to the forest can serve as a hurdle in the path of proper utilization of the forest products (Brack, 2014). Timber still is the major resource of human society and the loss of connectivity to the forests will damage the timber industry drastically. The survival of indigenous population in many countries depends on the forest resources and complete disconnection from the forest will inflict profound damage to their lives (Von Gadow et al., 2012). Use of Certified Timber: Timber certification can be defined as the process that validates the timber raw material and its quality standards via sets of quality assessment procedures (Brack, 2014).. The policy has been designed to check the forest management standards of the traders and correlate their management practices to the government standards (Kitayama, 2013). The concept of forest management targets ton main sectors, certifying sustainable forestry practices that includes various sustainability practices like forest inventory planning, silviculture, harvesting, road construction regulations and certifying the product itself. Undoubtedly, the objective of timber certification is to link the consumers with environmental awareness with the products and this policy can be the ultimate tool in establishing sustainable forestry worldwide (Duncker et al., 2012). Consumers are aware of the environmental implication of excessive industrialization now more than ever; with the correct strategic approach, the certified timber policy can change the scenario, Certified timber can significantly change the purchase pattern in the customers by comparing the products on the basis of their environmental attributes (Brack, 2014). Producer behavior can also be changed with strict regulations imposed and periodic evaluations that mandates certified timber policy. The cost benefit of premium products can be raised which will benefit the producers and will encourage the producers more to adopt the certified timber policy (Brack, 2014). Many agencies are already adapting to the current market scenario and have incorporated certified timber policy in their arsenal like Australian choice timber and Vicforest. The UK based PEFC have mandated the use of certified timber policy and that has only seen positive results (Brack, 2014). Canada has also succeeded in successfully implementing certified timber policy in many sectors and many other countries have now started to follow their footsteps. Conclusion: Ecosystem runs on balance and that balance is vital for the survival of each and every species in the world. Loss of biodiversity does not just mean the extinction of particular species, it has profound effects on the survival and viability of the existing ones. The nature has already lost a large chunk due to the unwarranted human activities, and it is critical now that we start remedying those blunders. Sustainable forest management has emerged like a blessing at the time of need, which can restore the ecological balance that we have deliberately destroyed. Numerous viable and contemporary methods as mentioned above are now coming up, utilizing which we can reach the stage where the nature is no longer suffocated by the toxic fumes of development. Recommendation: This report has discussed three contemporary sustainable forest management policies and has highlighted the benefits and pitfalls of each. Theses disadvantages can be overcome by some strategic actions, such as, Silviculture is undoubtedly a flexible tool in sustainable forestry but careful action needs to be taken so that these measures are utilized without exploitations. Benefits of regulations on reduction of woodland road construction are being outweighed by the disadvantages, discretion is required that ensures optimum utilization of the forest resources without disturbing the ecosystem in any manner. Lastly, certified timber policy has emerged as a blessing in disguise with sole restriction of expense, with strategic government actions this restriction can be overcome as well. ReferenceList: Brack, Duncan., 2012. "Promoting legal and sustainable timber: using public procurement policy."Research Paper. London: Chatham House. Available at https://? www.? chathamhouse.? org/publication/promoting-legal-and-sustainable-timber-using-public-procurement-policy Duncker, Philipp S., et al. 2012."Classification of forest management approaches: a new conceptual framework and its applicability to European forestry."Ecology and Society17.4. Hahn, W. Andreas., and Thomas Knoke. 2010. "Sustainable development and sustainable forestry: analogies, differences, and the role of flexibility."European Journal of Forest Research129.5 (2010): 787-801. Higman, Sophie. 2012. The sustainable forestry handbook: a practical guide for tropical forest managers on implementing new standards. Earthscan, 2013. Kant, Shashi., and R. Albert Berry. 2005. "Economics, Sustainability, and Natural Resources." Kitayama, Kanehiro. 2013. "Co-benefits of Sustainable ForestryEcological Studies of a Certified Bornean Rain Forest."International Forestry Review15 Long, James N., and Karen Mock. 2012. "Changing perspectives on regeneration ecology and genetic diversity in western quaking aspen: implications for silviculture."Canadian Journal of Forest Research42.12 Mori, Akira S., Kenneth P. Lertzman., and Lena Gustafsson. 2016. "Biodiversity and ecosystem services in forest ecosystems: a research agenda for applied forest ecology."Journal of Applied Ecology. Pelletier, David, et al. 2017. "Forest Connectivity Regions of Canada Using Circuit Theory and Image Analysis."PLOS ONE12.2: e0169428. Von Gadow, Klaus., Timo Pukkala, and Margarida Tom. 2012. eds.Sustainable forest .management. Vol. 1. Springer Science Business Media.