Role of education leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of education leaders - Essay ExampleThe main functions of the school partition are to employ teachers and take tonic actions, solve disciplinary matters and taxation. Maryland is an exception in this case. All schools are controlled by the county. In general, it is possible to distinguish the following forms of control (1) school regularise governments (2) state-dependent school systems (3) local-dependent school systems and (4) education service agencies (Dembowski 1999).Educational standards and practices are the engine driving the changes public schools are experiencing today. These bodies control schools and establish education standards and procedures. The school district provides qualified teachers, adequate instructional materials, and sound facilities. As such standards for opportunity to learn are articulated, the accountability question arises as to how to monitor and report on them. The school district articulates a means of observation in schools and classrooms in order to determine the degree of adherence to these standards (Sergiovanni et al 2003). Two aspects of this must be considered the quality of individual teachers and the quality of the school as a whole. The control is exercised through school review process.

Biometric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biometric - Research Paper ExampleHowever, research has shown that the mismatched identification in a whispered speech is due to the phonemes hence providing an unvoiced consonant will prevent this mismatched in whispered identification. Key Words- Voice, Phoneme, Biometric Authentication I. RESEACH examination/PROPOSAL A feature information of enrolled persons biometric information in biometric hallmark is normally enrolled as templates that are stored by secure databases and anti-tampered devices. However, the single out is that biometric information is irrecoverable once compromised. Therefore, there is need to give such information special attention in order to ensure they are safely stored. Also due to increased internet penetration and access by many people has raised a need for the implementation of online biometric authentication i.e. a uniform, secure and reliable method of biometric authentication. Therefore, the research proposal in this case is to identify alternatives for the password-based authentication used in most smart devices today. This kind of authentication is vulnerable and can be compromised hence a proposal to focus and introduce better authentication ways i.e. biometric that uses ones unique biologic and psychological features. ... Mobile devices are being stolen daily, which puts in danger important information that had been stored before. 1. Therefore, a user will hope that his/her password is strong bountiful not to be decoded. Biometric authentication is giving a natural alternative to passwords. The wide variety of input sensors that mobile devices include nowadays like microphones, camera, PS, connect screens helps with the implementation of biometric authentication. Businesses are requiring an easy to use moreover secure authentication for their mobile devices in their corporations as well users around the world. Many of the biometric authentications are strong, but others have their limitations. 2 This paper will discuss and will show an improvement in the authentication of voice recognition. I. BACKGROUND Biometric can be classified in to two major categories based on their characteristics i.e. Behavioral Biometric and Physiological Biometric. Behavioral biometric is the study of the differences in how people do things while physiological biometric is the study of strong-arm uniqueness of individual, which is unlikely to change very easily 3. A. Importance of Voice Authentication Most of the biometric authentications works with sophisticated equipment that requires the physical presence of the person. For example, Retina biometric authentication postulate a camera which are contained in most smartphones. TABLE 1 PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOMETRIC AND BEHAVIOR BIOMETRIC Physiological Biometric Behavioral Biometric Voice inspect Iris Scan Finger Print DNA Matching Facial Scan Retina Scan Hand Scan Keystroke Scan Signature Scan Gait Recognition However, a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) which is complement with AN SI/IESNA RP-27.1-96 and IEC 60825-1 standards for radiation have

Untying the Knot by Melanie Thernstrom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Untying the Knot by Melanie Thernstrom - Essay ExampleMonetary concerns played vital role for the outcome of their 11 years of marriage.The agree. Kate is an automatic career-oriented woman who is not afraid of risks in whatever decision she might come up to, who happened to be wed to Max, a controlling man who best-loved art rather than increase of salary. Its surprising to know that in eleven years of marriage none of the couple adjusted to ones flaw in commit for the marriage to last. Though it seems that Kate did submit herself to her husbands term, it was her character as financially domineering in the marriage that held her back for total submission or to give way. It incessantly boiled down to financial reason. Her impulsiveness often resulted in disappointments, and the result of her marriage to Max is a failure as expected.Was the marriage salvageable The former couple (not yet married at that time) was revealed as vacationing at the Costa Rica, where they had a serious argument for looking at different birds in the said(prenominal) tree. This incident depicted the seriousness of their indifferences to prolong being tied in a commitment. It was stated that Max still longed for reconciliation the only problem is that, lately, they both(prenominal) realized that Kate doesnt wanted to get married not only to Max, but to anybody else. She longs for freedom and always had preferred it all along unconsciously.

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poverty - Essay Examplee has been an on-going debate as to the actual meagreness numbers in the past with many experts claiming there as many as one billion people who fall and live below the poverty line. Most of these poor are in developing countries of the field. sub-Saharan Africa has the highest numbers of persons living below the poverty line.According to the World Bank, studies by Bhalla (2002) and Sala-i-Martin (2002) claim that the number of people living in radical poverty has locomote more sharply than as indicated by World Bank estimates. The duo suggests that first World Banks Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving the poverty rate by 2015 had in fact reached in 2000. In contrast other studies have stated that there has been no such decline as claimed by the World Bank. Reddy and Pogge (2002) and Wade (2002), in their assessment states that the rate of decline in poverty is overstated by World Bank estimates.These change views are based on the various definiti ons or just understanding of what global poverty really is. The methods of measuring and assessing poverty data around the military man also contributes to this differing school of thoughts.According to the World Bank (2008a) the worlds population living under extreme poverty dropped from 28 percent to 21 percent from 1990 to 2001 in developing countries around the world. The regions of East and South Asia witnessed most of the decline. In East Asia, the rate of poverty is said to have only dropped from 69 percent to 27 percent from 1990 to 2006.The same report suggests that the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa got worse as the number of people living under extreme poverty jumped from 231 million people in 1981 to 318 million in 2001, a 5 percent increase over 10 year period. Other regions of the world have not had dramatic changes in their poverty statistics.The economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia which experienced a sharp drop in income in the azoic 1990s have seen pover ty rates

CASE STUDIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CASE STUDIES - Essay Examplegement and the board of directors is 100% manful, since Panera is offering a healthier option for food, they could be helped by having female and minority members of the board as well as in the management team to tin a better corporate image.3. Opening restaurants in other countries with an aggressive growth strategy would require a flood of marketing both in terms of awareness of healthy food (where such awareness is not already present) and establishing their brand identity.4. The restaurant I went to seemed too dark and gloomy. Even though there were colorful signs at plenty of places, the lack of vindicated made an overall depressing setting. I would suggest that they make use of natural light in the interior and bring the interiors with their unique selling point of healthy food and healthy lifestyles.1. From the case, it seems obvious that the key competency required would be handsome communications skills which can get the point across the tabl e as well as across the border. Secondly, cultural competency and an ability to work with peoples of various cultures are also important. Finally, since a culture may not be as socially advanced, it could be towards the benefit of the company to use a male representative instead of a female if both of them are equally suited for the job at hand.2. The only cost of not understanding conversion is profit, which is something no company can afford to lose. If the plant had been developed and run with an understanding of diversity, the communication lines and the cultural clashes could certainly be minimized and the lost production time could have been turned into profitable output.3. The first problem she faced was stereotyping, just because she was Mexican American it was assumed that she could work with Mexicans better than anyone else. The second problem was the cultural gap with the Mexicans and communication issues with the Americans. She also faced problems with Mexican men ac cepting her as the

The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-1939 Essay Example for Free

The Spanish Republic and the accomplished warfare 1931-1939 EssayTragic altogethery in 1939, later on three years of bitter civil war and with the loss of around 750,000 Spanish lives, Spain fell to the rule of a Fascist dictatorship that was to last for just ab extinct four decades. The Spanish tragedy has been told and analysed by countless historians, and of these works Gabriel capital of Mississippis The Spanish Republic and the Civil contend 1931-1939 is widely referred to as the definitive liberal story of the Spanish Republic. Jackson begins with an outline of the nineteenth century monarchical and semipolitical upheavals that preceded the birth of the Spanish republic in 1931. From there, we are given a expatiate account of events leading to Francos final victory in 1939 and finally a synopsis which attempts to address some of the unfavorable judgments that provoke been levelled at Jacksons image. One such criticism is that Jackson leaves a crucial part of the s tory untold, namely that of the struggle of workers and peasants against not just the nationalist forces, but too against the conditions of capitalism and semi-feudalism.One of Jacksons some ardent critics has been Noam Chomsky, who through his Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship has provided an excellent theoretical framework to enable a critical reading of Jackson, primarily in his depiction of events from 1936-1937. In this work Chomsky points to the subordination of liberal intelligencia, universities in particular, to the military- industrial complex, in this case the American State and big business. In separate words, writers of ostensibly impersonal historical works become compromised by their social, economic and political ties to the prevailing ideology, leading them to interpret events with the notion in read/write head of the inevitability and desirability of burgher democracy. Alongside this, according to Zbigniew Brzezinski,the largely humanist-oriented, occasiona lly ideologically-minded intellectual-dissenter, who sees his employment largely in terms of pr dispatchering social critiques, is rapidly be dis dwelling housed either by experts and specialists, who become come to in special governmental undertakings, or by the generalists-integrators, who become in take house-ideologies for those in power, providing overall intellectual integration for disparate actions.1The search for object truth then is subordinated in these instances to the subjectivity of the author/investigator and in the final instance we are given a partial and distorted captivate of historical events, as is the case with Jacksons work. The motivations and actions of those directly involved are written out of the story, and instead the logic of liberal scholarship gives precedence to the political leading of the natural parties of government. As Chomsky points out, Jackson makes it abundantly clear that he is, in favour of liberal democracy, as represented by figur es such as Azana, Casares Quiroga, Martinez Barrio, and other responsible national leaders. and, makes little attempt to disguise his antipathy towards the forces of popular conversion in Spain, or their goals. 2Therefore, mass action is generally regarded as of secondary importance to the manoeuvrings of the Popular Front government, even when in practice it was often powerless. Further, when these masses little terroren the natural order of capitalist doing, by acts of collectivisation, expropriation, body politic seizure and abolition of money, they are described as, nave, counterproductive, ill educated, fundamentally conservative and misled. Only when these masses follow the lead and policies of the natural elite does Jackson recognise and applaud mass contribution, and Jackson fails to recognise the crucial temperament of the revolutionary/counterrevolutionary period from the summer of 1936 to 1937 in which,the revolution was largely oral with mass participation of anar chist and socialist industrial and agricultural workers the counterrevolution was under communist direction3To partly summarise Chomskys criticisms, two examples of Jacksons subjective analysis of this period are, the role of the Communist Party in Spain and collectivisation in Catalonia.Under a capital of the Russian Federation directive, the PCE was founded in Spain with only 800 members in 1930. This number grew to around 20,000 in 1934 musical composition the PCE had dropped its social fascist stance regarding other left groupings, to embrace all parties of the left under the Popular Front umbrella.Stalin had concluded that international fascismposed a affright after allHis answer was the adoption during 1934/35 of a Popular Front policy for resisting fascism.4 This membership grew to over 250,000 during the first eight months of the war, 40% of this number being made up the petit bourgeoisie. The PCE, again under orders from Moscow, embraced bourgeois democracy, their only ta sk to defend the Republic, and revolutionary action by the masses was not on Stalins agenda.In responding to a plea from help from Spains Popular Front government, Stalin was perusing what he perceived to be in the foreign policy interest of the Soviet UnionWhat Soviet aidbegan to reach Spain in October 1936, was emphatically not intended to advance the cause of social revolution in Republican Spain.5Jackson however claims,The interrupted motion toward world revolution, as well as the security of the Soviet Union, might well be advanced by a Republican victory in Spain.6Chomsky rightly regards Jacksons view of The Soviet Union as a nation hungry to embrace world revolution as entirely mistaken, and indeed the Soviet Union of the 1930s had come a long way from the days of the storming of the Winter Palace in the November Revolution of 1917.Russia is a totalitarian regimethe frame of mind its leaders is cynical and opportunist. To expect such men to lead a social revolution in Spain, where the wildest idealism is combined with great independence of character, was out of the question.7Political purges and show trials in the Soviet Union in 1934-36 had seen potential political opposition to Stalin brutally removed, m either being accused, as was Leon Trotsky, of having been in confederacy with Hitler. Russia was then a country with a revolutionary past, not a revolutionary present.8Stalins main aim in 1936 was to ward off any threat from Hitlers Germany, by allying himself with Britain and France. Accordingly, a proletarian revolution in Spain could not be allowed to succeed, bringing as it would a threat of instability to ruling classes the world over, and a shift in the balance of European power. Communist policy as regards Spain then was one of subordinating their PCE national policies to the USSRs supposed international interests.9 In effect this meant the defence of all legitimate middle-class authority at the expense the grass root militancy that could hav e helped avert the tragic outcome to Spains civil war. As one communist student of the time, critical of such policy noted,But a more revolutionary course will only cow the democracies, people said. What nonsense The capitalist democracies were frightened enough already by what was happening in Spain. Stalin wont agree, said others. But was that the case? Would Stalin not have had to do what he did anyway and a lot more, perhaps if we had pursued a more revolutionary course? Could he afford to be seen betraying a proletarian revolution?10The next bone of contention, is the account Jackson gives of collectivisation. In the initial process of collectivisation, Jackson berates unions in Valencia and Barcelona for abusing their sudden authority to place the sign incautado on all manner of buildings and vehicles.11 However, as Chomsky notes, this wording belies Jacksons ignorance towards the reality of the revolutionary situation. While Jackson recognises the occurrence of ..the most profound social revolution since the fifteenth century..12, it seems that he is not inclined to recognise the actions that are an integral part of such a profound social revolution.Later, Jackson claims that in 1936, the revolutionary tide began to ebb in Cataloniaaccumulating food and supply problems, and the experience of administering villages, frontier posts, and public utilities, had rapidly shown the anarchists the unexpected complexity of modern society.13 Chomsky on the other cave in points to the attack led by the Communist Party to destroy the gains made by workers and peasants without the blessing of any legitimate government force. First win the war then make the revolution, was the slogan that epitomised the drive to subordinate the revolutionary aspirations of the masses to the will of the legitimate powers.Collectivisation brought order to the chaotic situation All the parties and organisations solemnly agreed to respect the letter and the spirit of the new law but within three months the Republican parties were systematically obstructing it and soon afterwards the communists were sabotaging it..14 andInternational capitalism was determined to do everything in its power to force the failure of the collectivised Catalan economy.15Chomsky too challenges Jacksons attitude towards and analysis of war production and distribution in collectivised areas. For example,In Catalonia, the CNT factory committees dragged their heels on war production, claiming that the government deprived them of raw materials and was favouring the bourgeoisie,16Firstly this is in stark contrast to Jacksons charitable attitude towards production methods in fascist controlled areas, and his fairly uncritical depiction of later communist methods which involved substantially restoring a free market in essential without any apparent benefits to the war effort. Secondly, as Chomsky notes, Jackson does not substantiate his statement with fact. These two criticisms perhaps point t o another instance where Jackson noticeably favours traditional capitalist production against that of the collective. In any case, evidence points to the fact that darn conditions were favourable, with recover to raw materials for example, collective production rivalled that elsewhere in Spain.The war labor in Catalonia had produced ten times more than the rest of Spanish industry put together and .this output could have been quadrupled as from beginning of September if Catalonia had had access to the necessary raw materials that were unobtainable in Spanish territory.17 Further, it is evident that the central government denied much needed financial assistance because of its lack of sympathy with, or else hostility towards collectivisation. Only in exchange for government control would they give financial assistance.18Whatever accusations may be levelled at the running of the collectives, at to the lowest degree two points must be remembered. Firstly, in many instances, collecti visation came as the result of a huge surge from below,The revolution was like a pass over shaking itself when it comes out of the water the Spanish people shaking itself free of 400 years injustice. There was nothing we militants could do but go forrad or shoot ourselves.19Secondly, against overwhelming odds, the Catalan working class kept collectivised production going for thirty months of war.20In conclusion, this paper has only managed to concisely capture Chomskys detailed criticism of Jackson, and to follow on from Chomsky is no easy task given his coherent, thoroughly researched critique. Chomsky highlights Jacksons apparent lack of understanding of the true nature of revolutionary struggle, which leads him to mistakenly identify the 1930s Soviet Union as a revolutionary force and to disparage the actions of mass movements lacking conventional political leadership.The first mistaken belief is, as Chomsky points out, entirely in keeping with the American Cold War mythology that has invented an international Communist conspiracy directed from Moscow to justify its own interventionist policies.21 The two beliefs together lead him to significantly underplay the destructive role played by Communist policy in Spain, which, while not wholly to blame for the Fascist victory, significantly dented the workers will to fight. Many theorists have argued that only a successful revolution could have in the long run beaten the fascists, and that an early arming of workers could have averted three years of carnage. However, We werent being armed because the Republican authorities were more frightened of the working class than off the military. (Francisco Cabrera, Communist Youth, Seville)Communist insistence on an exclusively Popular Front, petty bourgeois programme was disastrous, which ultimately undermined the fight against Fascism. The loss of the Civil War in Spain to the fascists was more than just a military defeat, as in the words of Ronald Fraser,For the objective was not only to castigate the defeated but to crush for all time working class militancy and the threat of socialist revolution, so that Spanish capitalism could prosper.Quotes1 Chomsky, N, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship, p302 Chomsky, p753 Chomsky, p814 Blinkhorn, Democracy and Civil War in Spain, p365 Blinkhorn, p366 Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, p2597 Chomsky, p848 Chomsky, p859 Fraser, Blood of Spain, p32810 Fraser, p32911 Jackson, p27912 Jackson, p27713 Jackson, p31414 Fraser, p21515 Fraser, p21616 Jackson, p36517 Chomsky, p8918 Chomsky, p9019 Fraser, p22920 Fraser, p23421 Chomsky, p86BibliographyJackson, G, 1965, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, Princeton University PressFraser, R, 1979, Blood of Spain, PenguinBlinkhorn, M, Democracy and Civil War in SpainChomsky, N, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship

IKEA Operations Essay Example for Free

IKEA Operations EssayIKEA Company is one of the few companies in the reality with very clear as strong as coherent philosophies. It is popularly known for its strange, low cost design. The firm embraces a unique philosophy of do it yourself option (DIY). IKEA consistently delivers DIY growths that customers usually bargain for as parts and rebuild them at the location which suit them best (Slack, Brandon Johnston, pp.23, 2013). The corporation, does not only offer furniture but also delivers complete set of products that go with given furniture. For instance, if a client orders a dining table, the company also offers him a chance to purchase other products much(prenominal) as cutlery, vases as surface as lamp.IKEA is globally recognized for carrying out ideal caper where it offers a wide range of uniquely designed, functional home furnishing products at low prices that volume of consumers across the world can be able to afford them. The company is diametrical from ot her furniture companies because it humongously offers a wide range of well-designed browse of home furniture at very low prices that up to the current competitive business environment remain to be widely affordable to divers(a) customers.Additionally, un standardised other furniture companies, IKEA uniquely adapt its presentation of its products, layout of its stores, home solutions offered as well as the prices depending on the national economic as well as cultural conditions of a given country it has oversea outlets in (Kling, Gofeman, pp.13, 2003). For example, in China, the companys outlet uniquely reflects the layout of many Chinese apartments. By this, many people across the diverse universe are able to get attracted to IKEA outlets as well as affordthe companys products collectable to their strategic pricing and display.Ikea is one of the globally known brands that hugely understand that achieving success globally calls for sacrifice, innovation from global teams. So, run ning a company comparable to IKEA in distinct countries will be of huge benefit. First, from the consumer theorem, customers are becoming more sensitive to the price of commodity when reservation up a purchase decision (Slack, Brandon Johnston, pp.20, 2013). An operation akin(predicate) to IKEA implies that the company will be able to offer unique product at low and affordable prices. This in a large course will help the company to gain more revenue from increased sales.A company that can run its operations like IKEA does in different regions will stand a much greater chance to easily penetrate in various mart segments thus making it easier to cum upon the firms goals. IKEA operations are flexible and changes with the changing demand and situations in different markets. In some markets the company targets mass market whereas in other markets, it distinctly segments its market (Kling, Gofeman, pp.21, 2003).So, incase similar operations are adopted and run in different countri es, this means they will abruptly do well across the globe despite the diversity of customers. Different customers in different oversea markets have different expectations and demands, so, adopting flexible operations similar to IKEAs will make it easier for the business to get strong foothold in different markets across the countries.However, despite the fact that embracing IKEAs operations is advantageous as it helps a given business entity to gain market share in a more rapid manner, sometimes, going with the same kind of operations in different countries will be more problematic. For example, IKEA is a firm that is very famous for its flat pack furniture, where it uses the policy of do it yourself in its operations (Slack, Brandon Johnston, pp.30, 2013). chthonian this, it leaves customers with a task of assembling the furniture themselves. So, going with the same operation policy in different countries will not be an easy thing. From the internationalization concept, it is e vident that for firms to be successful in oversea markets depend on theirability to understand, respect and adhere to the local culture of different consumers in different countries.So, going with the similar rigid kind of operation policy in different countries, may make the business face some resistance from different customers who may be having different kind of expectation. For example, many diverse consumers hate the do it yourself kind of operations and divine services. Some demand to be offered full service from packaging, transporting as well as to installation (McPhee, pp.24, 2014). So, in case a company intends to adopt such an operation strategy, in many countries, then mechanically it will have to be ready to face strong resistance from various groups of customers indifferent regions thus making it vulnerable to lose the market to its competitors.Additionally, IKEA has embraced unique operations, especially in logistics, where the company largely depends on growing count ries as a source of its raw materials. Many of the companys products are make to emerging economies where the effort and other vital raw materials are relatively cheap (McPhee, pp.29, 2014). Then they are imported to European and other developed countries. So, in a large way, embracing this similar kind of operation may be very difficult in many countries. Many countries across the world have varying laws in different states which are distinctly ruled by different political parties. So, adopting such an action similar to IKEAs could make business unit operations especially the distribution as well as, the logistics a bit challenging.IKEA supply chainIKEA has over 40 trading service offices in 32 countries it operates in. The company largely gets its supplies from its 28 distribution centers in 16 different countries. Apart from having these main supplies all over the world, IKEA also purchases a large quantity of its products from Shedwood. Being an industrial group owned by IKEA, Shed wood produces wood based furniture and wooden components. Shedwood buys products from 1,300 suppliers in 53 countries. The co-workers in the trading service office widely monitor the production of IKEA products by its main distributors (Kling, Gofeman, pp.18, 2003).In a huge way, this enables them to negotiate prices, observesocial and working(a) conditions among suppliers as well as, check quality of the product before they are distributed to the company for retail. The rationale of this unique relation between IKEA and its suppliers enables the company to effectively achieve its operational objectives of availing products that are of high quality at lower and affordable prices in a socially responsible and environmentally friendly way.Secondly, the main IKEA suppliers contrive their furnitures in accordance to the companys designed code of conduct. Mainly, all suppliers, follows the IKEAs designed code known as The IKEA Way (McPhee, pp.25, 2014). In a huge way, this helps IKEA to ensure the supplies they get from their numerous suppliers across the world meet their expected standard. IKEA, as a company manufactures very few product on its own. It is through its close suppliers that the company so able to make innovative designs featuring environmentally responsible materials as well as ensure competent use of resources thus translating them into bottom line results.Notably, IKEA largely embraces outsourcing strategy, where the company embraces manufacturing its main products in many developing countries, where the raw materials as well as labor are relatively cheap (Slack, Brandon Johnston, pp.20, 2013). In a huge way, this allows the company a chance to lower production cost thus enabling it to come up with quality final product at a relatively lower cost. This unique business model in a huge way enables the company to achieve its set marketing goals of availing quality products at a lower price that is affordable to many.How IKEA changes its cust omers from consumers to ProsumersIKEA Company, main aim is to avail quality products such as furniture at a very low price to ensure many customers are able to afford it. To ensure it achieves this, the company came up with a very unique strategy of actively engaging its customers in the service delivery dish of its products. The company began engaging its customers in a process of fixing different parts of a given product, such a table to suit their taste (Hitchens Hitchens, pp.34, 2010). In a strategy known as do it yourself, IKEA engages its customers in the process of putting a given product such a table togetherafter they purchases it. Immediately, the customer purchases a product, the company leave him or her to put its together themselves. In a way, this helps the consumers to develop a sense of pride to the object because of the work they personally engaged in to make it complete and render it usable.The company, instead of selling a complete fixed product, mainly sells it inform of batches. The customer is left with unassembled product in their upkeep room or any other place of their convenient. So, at that stage, the customer is expected to unpack it and put it together. By doing so, the company significantly engages their customer in a very active process of making their product complete and usable, thus converting them from being sole consumers to being part of the production process as well as part of being final consumers. In other they change them from being sole consumers to prosumers.ReferencesHitchens, J., Hitchens, P. 2010, Create the perfect brand. London Teach Yourself. Kling K., Gofeman I. 2003, Ikea chief executive officer Anders Dahlving on international growth and Ikeas unique corporate culture and brand identity, Academy of Management Executive McPhee, J. E. 2014, Mastering strategic risk A manikin for leading and transforming organizations. Hoboken, New Jersey Wiley. Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A., Johnston, R. 2013, Operations management.