Sports Psychology Essay example -- essays research papers

The five main occasions that I learned in sports psychology from is Goal Setting, Awareness, Leadership, Reboundability, and Routines. These all help me not only in the sport world exclusively also in life. It is important to study these things and practice them as much as possible to reach the greatest benefits from themUntil recently I take a shit never really thought about my goals. I have had them, but have never planned them out or evaluated outcomes. When we had a guest speaker named Mark Henry spoke to use about goal knackting. to begin with I wouldnt put dates or plans with my goals. It helps a lot when you have a date to start the goal and a date when you want to achieve the goal. One thing Mark Henry taught me was that a lot of smaller goals can lead up to one a larger. One of the goals I set this year was to abide better grades. To do this I had to make a plan on how each day I could work on doing this. I do a plan for each day on how to raise my grades and keep track of how they are doing. Keeping the goal organized helps a lot. It helps when you have it all written down on paper for a reference. With this smaller goal it is helping me also with my larger goal of getting accepted in to a college of my choice. Within a few weeks I noticed a huge difference in my grades. I had raised all of them about one grade letter. Once I accomplished this goal, my self esteem went up a lot and I then made more goals. Another thing that helped me a lot in this class is learning about awareness. Mr. Hunter gave us the stop light as an example on how this works. When I use to play rugby I would easily go from the green to the yellow. When that happened my mind would get filled with thoughts that would distract me from the game at hand and I would get frustrated. When I was in the yellow it was hard for me to go back to the green and easier to go to the red. When I was in the red I would make a stray almost every time I got the ball. Learning how to preve nt yourself from going from yellow to red is a very beneficial trait. Mr. Hunter taught me to think of a word or action that would help me return to yellow. I tell myself I will clinch my fists and that when I release them then it is back to the job at hand. Now when something upsets me or throws me off course in day to day life I will just clinch my fists and then tease apart ... ...acks make me stronger in the end.Last but not least leadership. I have never really been a leader before. After sports psychology I learned that being a leader is a very important position. I tried it out in some of my classes that put me in groups. When zero wanted to step up and get the task moving I would usually just sit and go along with it. During the first trimester though I would try to take the leadership role. I might not have been that good of a leader but for me just taking the role made me feel a lot better. In life people who can take these important roles of leadership benefit. Rather it is at school, work or property everyone looks up to the person who can give them guidance in the right direction. The air pressure it gives you to lead the people in the right direction is good pressure that will also help out the leader.Goal Setting, Awareness, Leadership, Reboundability, and Routines are things I have begun to concentrate on and try to incorporate into my every day life. Since I have began to do this it seems life is a lot easier and organized. Learning traits like these is one of the most important things to learn in sports and in life.

Putting A Price on Students :: essays research papers

Putting A Price On StudentsSummaryThe state has taken on the obligation of providing budget funds for the study of each individual school-age child at an base of higher nurture if he or she has passed the unified state exam. Russia continues to experiment with its educational system. Five Russian regions used unified state exams last year. Two Russian regions decided to continue the experiment by introducing state-issued vouchers (GIFO) this year. Reformers who tend to modernize Russian education deal that both experiments are necessary to produce the right effect. If everything is more or less clear with the unified state exam, the GIFO is still a mysterious and mystical phenomenon. The only thing that is known about the GIFO is that it comes from the state budget.The reasoning canful the vouchers is a better education chance for all. Now students will be suitable to control their debt which will be owed at the end of their matriculation.Educational meeting The funding of Russian institutes of higher learning could, without exaggeration, be called equalizing. Today, each university or institute draws up an estimate according to which it receives its share of state funds. In doing so, no one takes into account the category of the particular institution, whether it is prestigious, strong or weak, what kind of experts and specialists it really trains. In other words, there is no incentive to improve the type of education. Fifty-one percent of first-year students who were admitted to institutions of higher learning last year had to reach for their education. Secondly, parents spend about one billion dollars to prepare their children for university exams and to ensure their main course to institutes and universities. Most of this money circulates in the shadow sector of the Russian education system. The Russian Education Ministry believes that this situation reveals the inefficiency of financing Russian education. A state that increases using up on education, including higher education, could expect maximum efficiency and the best performance.AnalysisI support the idea of the GIFO because it seems to give every student an equal chance for education. But I wonder how many times can a student take the unified exam since your amount of state support depends on your score. And I also wonder if you can take the exam more than one time will your support increase? The plans sound good on stem but I wonder if only the gifted or upwardly prompt students will be the only ones who are helped by these vouchers.Putting A Price on Students essays research papers Putting A Price On StudentsSummaryThe state has taken on the obligation of providing budget funds for the education of each individual student at an institute of higher learning if he or she has passed the unified state exam. Russia continues to experiment with its educational system. Five Russian regions used unified state exams last year. Two Russian regions decided to cont inue the experiment by introducing state-issued vouchers (GIFO) this year. Reformers who tend to modernize Russian education believe that both experiments are necessary to produce the right effect. If everything is more or less clear with the unified state exam, the GIFO is still a mysterious and unknown phenomenon. The only thing that is known about the GIFO is that it comes from the state budget.The reasoning behind the vouchers is a better education chance for all. Now students will be able to control their debt which will be owed at the end of their matriculation.Educational Impact The funding of Russian institutes of higher learning could, without exaggeration, be called equalizing. Today, each university or institute draws up an estimate according to which it receives its share of state funds. In doing so, no one takes into account the category of the particular institution, whether it is prestigious, strong or weak, what kind of experts and specialists it actually trains. In other words, there is no incentive to improve the quality of education. Fifty-one percent of first-year students who were admitted to institutions of higher learning last year had to pay for their education. Secondly, parents spend about one billion dollars to prepare their children for university exams and to ensure their admission to institutes and universities. Most of this money circulates in the shadow sector of the Russian education system. The Russian Education Ministry believes that this situation reveals the inefficiency of financing Russian education. A state that increases spending on education, including higher education, could expect maximum efficiency and the best performance.AnalysisI support the idea of the GIFO because it seems to give every student an equal opportunity for education. But I wonder how many times can a student take the unified exam since your amount of state support depends on your score. And I also wonder if you can take the exam more than once will your support increase? The plans sound good on paper but I wonder if only the gifted or upwardly mobile students will be the only ones who are helped by these vouchers.

“Citizens of a kind” :: Essays Papers

Citizens of a kindThe following clippings from regional Irish newspapers begin in 1923, soon after the founding of the state, and continue to the present day in chronological order. The premise informing the selection is that Travellers are caught in a dynamic of colonialism misunderstood by the majority they live amongst, and disadvantaged by their difference. Their event is comparable, in many instances, to that of gypsies throughout Europe and the indigenous minorities of many ex-colonies. It is no coincidence that attitudes toward Travellers, as evidenced by some of the following clippings, hardened in the decades following the founding of the Irish State in the 1920s. The early years of the republic were difficult economically, and a nationalist ideology of a homogenous, mono-cultural, unquestioningly Catholic united state was perpetuated as a consolation for the loss of privileges enjoyed as part of the Empire. The transfer from colonial to post-colonial status problematised the place of this minority population, and internal tensions surfaced in the absence of a colonial presence to demonise. I have concentrated on papers covering the general West of Ireland / Connacht area (Galway, Mayo and Roscommon), and in particular, articles dealing with Galway, since this is my hometown, and a traditional Traveller stronghold. Most clippings are from the longstanding Connacht Tribune.In a report on a Galway Urban Council meeting entitle Nomads in Galway Citizens fear an epiphytotic (Connacht Tribiune 10 Mar. 1923 5), the old colonial fear of organism contaminated by the Other (in fact, a fear of secretly being or becoming the Other) is detectable Mr J.P. OBrien wrote on behalf of a number of citizens stating that unless the council took steps to have the gypsies who are campingremoved, there was a danger of epidemic breaking out. He pointed out that it was illegal for these people to camp within the urban area. They could camp a quarter of a mile away(p) the u rban area, and then only for a couple of days.The strategy of distancing is implicit in the use of the words gypsy and nomad, which connote that these people are somehow foreign, and more or less explosively, in the use of gypsy, that they are actually British. (Within the British Isles, gypsies are from Wales and England only.) The word gypsy is a dispossessing of their Irishness, and it is easier to be cruel to what is constructed as being outside the self in a new state where the ideology of nationalism is uppermost.

Tragedy at Texas A&M University :: essays research papers

Tragedy at Texas A&M University Texas A&M University and the University of Texas have been rivals for over 90 years. Every year Texas A&M held an yearbook balefire tradition which attracts thousands of people. It is a tradition for Texas A& M to build a huge bonfire right before the game against rivals with University of Texas. Students would spend some(prenominal) weeks building the bonfire. On November 18, 1999 the stack of logs collapsed over and killed 12 A&M students. The aggie bonfire tradition would never again be the same. In US News, the member A Tragedy at Texas A& M, tells how the logs broke in half killing 12 students. On Thursday of November 18, 1999, beforehand(predicate) that morning the students started working(a) on stacks of logs from the previous days. Students at A & M were very proud of this historical event. The students would gather one week and start to create the bonfire together. But little did they know this would turn into a tragedy. Early morning ar ound 230am the logs were thrown everywhere including the students that were working on it that night. About 70 students were at the top of the logs when it suddenly gave way. At least nine killed in collapse of A&M towering, 40-feet pyramid of logs trembled and then came roaring down early Thursday, crushing at least nice students to death and injuring 28 others. At least four of the injured were in critical condition and two people could be seen trapped in the rubble late Thursday afternoon. Rescuers couldnt tell if they were died or alive. Rescuers had to use sound-detection equipment to listen for moaning, tapping and heard scratching noises that led them to take there were victims trapped. In Time magazine, the article A Good Time Goes Bad, explains, how a junior at Texas A& M University, embarked this fall on a rite of passages that began in 1909. Fernando Shaun was an eye- witness to this tragedy late that night. The week before the accident Fernando would help cut the wood a nd load the trucks. He worked laboured around the clock to build the wooden tower. At 228am is when he saw the 44-ft tall tower fall to the ground. After 24 hours the rescue workers had run aground 12 dead bodies and 28 were injured. The people began to question, why did the tower fall?

The Illusion of Tradition in Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- Shirley Ja

The Illusion of TraditionThere is a draftsmanship going on today and we all hold a ticket. In The Lottery Shirley Jackson is asking people to stop for a moment and take a witness at the traditions around them. Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to show that traditions today are sometimes as misguided as the tradition of the lottery in that clarified town in Somewhere, USA.Evil can be evoked in the most kind-hearted person if tradition deems it ok. Though the years there contract been some(prenominal) wars in which mevery men have fought, and killed. If not put in a war torn environment the men in those wars would never have killed anyone. School children continually bully each other, sometimes to the point of serious injury. Otherwise kind, loving children, gain strength with lists and, as a group encourage each other, making it ok to torment another. Usually a much weaker and shy child is on the receiving end of this torment. The children in The Lottery symbolize how humans have a duel nature that allows usually friendly people to become violent when put in the right item with the right conditions. On a beautiful day in June the young children choose there stones. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones Bobby and Harry Jones and dicky Delacroix-- the villagers pronounced this name Dellacroy--eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys.(255) People in this abject town are the same as in any small town, but when empowered with numbers and a tradition that deem it ok, evil shows its ugly face.Today tradition is a strong part of out lives. We do not have any traditions that are as extreme as the lottery, however The Lottery symbolizes that relevance can be lost over time. Take the Bible for example, it has been written and rewritten several times over thousands of years, tran slated from one actors line to another and then to another. Even over the relatively short period of time in The Lottery many thing had been lost from there tradition. At one time, some people remembered, there had been a recital of some sort, performed by the official of the lottery, a perfunctory, tuneless chant that had been rattled off punctually each year some people believed that the official of the ... ...obody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying near Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. (258) Theres always been a lottery, he added petulantly. (258) Tradition is so strongly rooted that it is tied to the fertility of the land and how substantially a years crop will be. Each and every day we face life with the chance that we may not make it through the day. The black box in The Lottery symbolizes the fact that we are mortal beings and just as easy as not we may die any given day. Mr. Graves had selected the five slips and put them in the box, and he dropped all the papers but those onto the ground, where the breeze caught them and lifted them off. (259) Automobile accidents, cancer, heart attacks, any number of things could happen to anyone any time as easy as the slips of paper fell into the box. The slips falling into the box and the wind blowing the others away symbolizes how random life really is with respect to death. Live your life full and pray the wind blows for you.Works CitedJackson, Shirley. ?The Lottery.? Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Diana Gioia. 6thed. New York HarperCollins, 1995.

The Illusion of Tradition in Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- Shirley Ja

The Illusion of TraditionThere is a Lottery going on today and we completely hold a ticket. In The Lottery Shirley capital of Mississippi is asking people to stop for a moment and take a look at the traditions around them. Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to show that traditions today atomic number 18 roughlytimes as misguided as the tradition of the lottery in that broken town in Somewhere, USA.Evil can be evoked in the most kind-hearted person if tradition deems it ok. Though the years there have been m some(prenominal) wars in which many men have fought, and killed. If not put in a war torn environment the men in those wars would never have killed anyone. School children continually bully each other, sometimes to the point of everyplaceserious injury. Otherwise kind, loving children, gain strength through numbers and, as a group encourage each other, making it ok to torment another. commonly a much weaker and shy child is on the receiving end of this torment. The children in The Lottery symbolize how humans have a duel nature that allows commonly friendly people to become violent when put in the right situation with the right conditions. On a beautiful day in June the newborn children choose there stones. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroix-- the villagers pronounced this name Dellacroy--eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys.(255) People in this small town are the same as in any small town, but when empowered with numbers and a tradition that deem it ok, evil shows its ugly face.Today tradition is a strong part of come to the fore lives. We do not have any traditions that are as extreme as the lottery, however The Lottery symbolizes that relevance can be lost over time. Take the Bible for example, it has been writte n and rewritten several times over thousands of years, translated from one language to another and then to another. Even over the relatively short flow rate of time in The Lottery many thing had been lost from there tradition. At one time, some people remembered, there had been a recital of some sort, performed by the official of the lottery, a perfunctory, tuneless chant that had been rattled off duly each year some people believed that the official of the ... ...obody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. (258) Theres always been a lottery, he added petulantly. (258) Tradition is so strongly rooted that it is tied to the fertility of the land and how well a years crop will be. Each and every day we face life with the chance that we may not make it through the day. The black box in The Lottery symbolizes the fact that we are venomous beings and just as easy as not we may die any given day. Mr. Graves had selected the five slips and put them in the box, and he dropped all the piece of musics but those onto the ground, where the breeze caught them and lifted them off. (259) Automobile accidents, cancer, heart attacks, any number of things could happen to anyone any time as easy as the slips of paper fell into the box. The slips falling into the box and the wind blowing the others away symbolizes how random life really is with respect to death. Live your life full and pray the wind blows for you. working CitedJackson, Shirley. ?The Lottery.? Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Diana Gioia. 6thed. New York HarperCollins, 1995.

Articles of Confederation Essay

With intentions of creating a united nation, colonial leaders developed the Articles of Confederation. Although the Articles of Confederation helped lead the get together States to the creation of the Constitution, it did not provide for an good government from 1781 to 1787, do to its overlook of power to inhibit commerce and impose taxes, the failure to amalgamate its people as a country, and its inability to enforce laws. though its overall otioseness, the Articles of Confederation (the Articles) had several positive results. One positive effect was that kept the states united during the war.This helped greatly in successfully dealing with western lands. The defeat Ordinance of 1785 distributed land in an organized manner among the states. Another purpose for this was to create land for education. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 led to western expansion, forbid thraldom north of the Ohio River. Although there were disputes about the distributions, the land was generally div ided fairly. (Doc E) The Articles of Confederation preserved sovereignty and the republican ideology held on to by the Real Whigs of the colonial era.This would allow for the equality of the thirteen states having the right to vote on different aspects of the Articles. One of the major issues that was not incorporated in the Articles of Confederation was their power to control a monetary system. This included imposing taxes on the states and regulating commerce. This flaw allowed various states to create different laws concerning taxes that would conflict with each other. A growing chore at the time was that every state had their own money system which created troubles when using money from state to state.With each state having their own money, and having no quantify from state to state, the market value of United States Exports declined sharply from 1775 when exports were booming, to 1787. (Doc B) Another major factor in this was the increase in cheap British imports. In appurte nance to the fact that the Articles did not give the central government the power to have a central monetary structure and force taxes on the states, the pre-war debt rose. Money owed to soldiers for dish was unable to be paid largely due to their inability to maintain a stable in add together that would come through taxes. Doc. C)Congress had hoped that each state would be with the tax quota they had requested from each state. From that, they would receive about one-fourth of these requests. Along with the monetary imperfection under the Articles of Confederation, the states failure to unify led it to be ineffective for the United States government. For example, when dealing with western land, the government did not have much authority and states we continuously gaining and loosing land. (Doc E) This threatened the accord of the states.An example of being unable to come together would be Rhode Island when they declined to attend the Constitutional Convention because they believed that oust their state power and would lead to the creation of a stronger central government. They also disagreed with Congress in that they were able to propose an impost on imported goods. This was mainly applied to the commercial states, Rhode Island being one of them. (Doc A) One of the major reasons why the Articles proved to be ineffective was the lack of a strong central government.One power the government was entitled to but never implemented heavily on the states as they should have was the authority to sign treaties with other countries. In some cases they failed to even do this. For example, the southern portion of the Mississippi River was being controlled by Spain and although the government try to fix this issue, they were unable to do so and rolled over. (Doc F) Along with Spain, Britain still held forts in western land and in lower parts of Canada that influenced the United States greatly by disrupting trade.This became an issue because of the debt held on to by the US and the money owed to the British merchants by the American merchants. (Doc D) This issue came into perspective because of the abused rights given in the accord of Paris. (Doc D) Out of the Articles of Confederation, many great things were brought to the attention of the United States government that was able to be put forth toward the establishment of the Constitution. But in doing so provided the United States with an ineffective government from 1781 to 1787.Their incapability to regulate commerce and enforce taxes on the states was a major factor in the unsuccessful government under the Articles. Also, the lack of unification amongst states and people influenced this. The powers granted within the Articles of Confederation to the government regarding foreign affairs were established but then were not deeply enforced, showing a weak command. Despite the Articles of Confederations ineffectiveness on the United States government, it proved to help in the creation of the Constitu tion in a positive way.

Teepee Teachings Essay

In our Cree class in Tokomak, we are learning and incorporating tipi educations in our daily lifestyles. There are fifteen different tipi Teachings that we have learned about, and most of them are not valued by our young people today. We are losing those teachings and a lot of people are lost, because they do not have values and beliefs. I am trying to set good examples out there for our young people, because they are not taught these teachings at home. I testament be talking about the five main Tepee Teachings that stuck out to me the most, and that should be in our unremarkable lives.Respect is the first Tepee Teaching that I will be writing about. Without respect you would not go far with yourself or the future. With that mean, you have to gain respect from others and then your life will agitate smoothly. Dont be so rude to others treat each other like you would treat your family. Listen to your Older ones, you may not know when their advice will make do in handy. The second Tepee Teaching will be love. Love is the most common one and is always in the air. You were experiencing love at first sight with your birth mother, the very first day you were born.So with that love yourself, our family and your friends. Other kinds of love is like loving your pets, school, work, house work etc.. The third Tepee Teaching will be about faith. You have to have faith, believe in God, think positive and stay focused for your future. Faith is in our everyday lives. So with that stick to your dreams/ goals Young people. Without faith you may not reach your goals and your path will become rough. Happiness is the fourth Tepee Teaching chose, because if you are not a happy person no one will like you or will want to be around you. prosperous is contagious. Try to smile even if it is a fake smile.Happiness is in Canada, because we do not have war and crazy diseases. The last Tepee Teaching I will be writing about is cleanliness. You have to be clean all around you, everywhe re. If you do not have cleanliness lots of people will think you are filthy, dirty. Have a clean mind. Do not go around gossiping. Do not do drugs. Keep your soul clean. Wrote this set about because I want to inspire the young people.

Child Abuse in the 1950

electric shaver Abuse When you read articles over babe roast and see the damage that has been caused and what has extend of shaver misapply in todays society the result is sickening. Child abuse has become a more common thing in todays society. The fact that there are people in this world, who non only abuse only if also neglect their children without consequence, because they are not caught, is even worse. Thankfully, there are m whatever guidances today to help save a child who suffers from child abuse. Child protection in the press outs has been in action since the colonial period The history of child protection in America is divisible into three eras.The first era extends from colonial multiplication to 1875 and may be referred to as the era before organized child protection. The second era spans 1875 to 1962 and witnessed the creating and growth of organized child protection through nongovernmental child protection societies. The year 1962 marks the beginning of the th ird or modern era the era of government-sponsored child prophylactic(p) services. (Myers, 1). Since the 1950s many laws have been utilise in order to protect children and keep them safe in our country.Children have become increasingly safer over the past fifty years, largely because of the effect of hydrogen Kempes article, The knock about Child Syndrome which lead to more informed doctors, better media coverage, and more effective protection and inform laws. seat Caffey was a pediatric radiologist born in 1895. He later became known as the father of pediatric radiology (Girdany, 1978). In 1946, Caffey released an article called Multiple Fractures in the Long swot of Infants scurvy from Chronic Subdural Hematoma based on enormous bone fractures in infants.In his study he examined 6 patients who exhibited 23 fractures and 4 contusions of coherent bones. (Caffey) in which he concluded suffered from chronic subdural hematoma. Although he could not prove anything, his notific ations seemed to be unexplained to say the least, There was neither clinical nor radius evidence to support the idea that pre-existing systemic or localized skeletal disease weakened the bones and make them unusually vulnerable to trauma. (Caffey). With that observation he came to the conclusion that the long bones were injured and fractured during convulsive seizures.There is little evidence to support such a postulate. In not a mavin case did fresh fractures appear immediately following the convulsive seizure and complete fractures occurred in patients who only had mild convulsions . . . To our knowledge, fractures of convulsive origin in the long bones have never been demonstrated in the common severe convulsive diseases of infancy and childhood such as lead poisoning, meningitis, cerebral neoplasm and hypocalcemic tetancy. (Caffey) but he still had doubts, because there was little evidence to support such theories.He came to the conclusion that the fractures appear to be of tr aumatic origin but the traumatic episodes and the casual mechanism remain obscure. (Caffey). Caffeys work and the article he published hinted at possibility of child abuse in such cases that he treated but could never be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. After the publishing of Multiple Fractures in the Long Bones of Infants Suffering from Chronic Subdural Hematoma, it grasped the direction of many doctors who became interested in the signs of child abuse. In 1962 pediatrician Henry Kempe and his colleagues published the article known as The Battered Child Syndrome. Kempe played leading role in bringing child abuse to national attention during the 1960s and 1970s. (Myers, 455). In Kempes work he stated the battered-child syndrome is a term used by us to characterize a clinical condition in young children who have received adept physical abuse, generally from a parent or foster parent. (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, and Silver, 143). To collect data to further his rese arch, Kempe and his fellow colleagues undertook a nation-wide survey of hospitals which were asked to indicate the incident of this syndrome in a one-year period. (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, and Silver, 143). After the survey he found the results that Among 71 hospitals replying, 302 such cases were reported to have occurred 33 of the children died and 85 suffered permanent top dog injury. (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, and Silver, 143). To compensate his research he also surveyed 77 District Attorneys who reported that they had knowledge of 447 cases in a similar one-year period. Of these, 45 died, and 29 suffered permanent brain damage. (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, and Silver, 143).Once The Battered Child Syndrome was published the public and media became more aware of child abuse and many reforms were implemented. Amendments to the Social Security lick were made. In the same year, the national Childrens Bureau convened two meetings to d etermine how the Bureau could more effectively help states respond to child abuse. (Myers, 456). It is said that Attendees at the meetings, including Henry Kempe . . . recommended state law requiring doctors to report suspicions of abuse to police or child offbeat. (Myers, 456).By making these changes and requiring doctors to report suspicions of abuse all states had reporting laws by 1967. In 1962 the Social Security Act was amended which made changes to the child welfare provisions. In the following provision, Beginning July 1, 1963, State child welfare plans must provide for coordination their services with the services provided for subordinate children. (Cohen, Ball, 3). Vincent De Francis stated that the 1962 amendments for the first time, identified Child Protective Services as part of all public child welfare. (Myers, 455).Media Coverage brought child abuse to the attention of the general public. To help bring child abuse into the eye of the media and national public, N ewsweek article When Theyre Angry quoted Kempe One day last November, we had four battered children in our pediatrics ward. Two died in the hospital and one died at home four weeks later. . . The battered child syndrome isnt a reportable disease, but it damn well ought to be. (Myers, 455). Stating this in Newsweek definitely brought attention to the situation at hand. As the media became more involved and reporting laws were made, more and more cases were reported. By 1974, whatsoever 60,000 cases were reported. In 1980, the number exceeded one million. By 1990, reports topped two million, and in 2000, reports hovered around three million. In the early twenty-first century, reports declined but remained postgraduate. (Myers, 456). Although those statistics are high the cases are being reported and action is being taken in order to protect our children. The increase in public awareness called for stricter laws and protection of children in abusive situations. In todays society we have Foster apprehension and orphanages to help with the problems that come from abusive situations. In the early days, foster care was viewed as a major advance and as the best solution for many dependent children. (Myers, 456 ) That being said foster care was a way out for children in abusive situations and acted as a safe haven. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, however, some came to view foster care as a problem rather than as a solution . . . nearly half a million children are in foster care at any point in time and that too many children get stuck in out-of-home care. (Myers, 456) With that being said, there are some negative things that come along with the nurse of a foster home children of color . . are sadly overrepresented among foster children. Yet, despite problems, foster care remains a safe haven for many ill-treated and neglected children. (Myers, 456) Along with protection of children there were also stricter laws, and the government became more in volved in child abuse and protection. Due in substantial musical rhythm . . . congress assumed a leadership role with passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 (CAPTA). (Myers, 456). CAPTA acted as a guide line to federal official funds throughout the government to improve the state response to physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse.CAPTA focused particular attention on improved investigation and reporting. (Myers, 456). By creating CAPTA it allowed people to become more familiar with investigation and reportings of child abuse throughout the nation. In addition, CAPTA provided funds for training, for regional multidisciplinary centers focused on child abuse and neglect, and for demonstration projects. (Myers, 456). With the creation of CAPTA responsibility for administering was placed in a new agency known as the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. The center funded important research on maltreatment. (Myers, 456). CAPTA has had a major role i n shaping todays nationwide system of governmental child protective services. CAPTA marked the final passing of privately funded, nongovernmental child protection societies. (Myers, 457). All of this was able to happen simply because the attention the media brought to the reality of child abuse and that it can happen to anybody. Laws were implemented in order to better protect children and make reporting of child abuse cases easier. By the late 1970s, government-sponsored child protective services spanned the nation, settling into urban and rural areas alike. (Myers, 454). Along with sponsored child protective services, since 1974 laws and provisions relating to child abuse have been more frequent. Most importantly, Child protective services and Child Welfare gave opportunities to children who were in abusive situations. To focus more on child protection, the 1962 amendments required states to pledge that by July 1, 1975, they would make child welfare services available statewide. (Myers, 455) By making that a law this fueled the expansion of child-welfare services as well as protective services. In 1967, Congress declared that all states were required to have reporting laws, which means that any suspicious child abuse that is happening must be reported. Once reporting laws were in effect, the prevalence of child abuse and neglect came into focus. (Myers, 456). By demanding reporting laws it really opened up peoples eyes when it came to child abuse and neglect and how it can affect a child.Beginning in 1974, legislation has been passed to help fund child welfare and protection. By doing that the nation can depend on the system and believe that it isnt going anywhere. Since it is now funded by the government, it can help a child in a situation such as neglect have a positive outlook, and the child can be taken care of in the best way possible. In October of 1984, congress created the Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 with a purpose to extend and improve provision s of laws relating to child abuse and neglect and adoption(Childrens Bureau, 21).This amendment required states to have in place procedures with State protective systems to respond to the reporting of medical neglect, including instances of withholding medically indicated treatment from disabled infants with life threatening conditions. (Childrens Bureau, 21). With this amendment in act, any faulty observations made must be reported when the childs health and neglect comes into question. This is important because it makes doctors more alert when they examine their patients, especially children. When it comes to a child, abuse is something that cannot be taken lightly.Since the 1950s our government has worked to keep the children of this nation safe. They have implemented many laws and provisions. There are many options children in abusive situations have in order to better their lives. Since the 1950s, our children have become safer because of laws that have been created. Child abus e is not something to be taken lightly, and the government and public alike need to everlastingly strive to better the lives of children in this country. Work Cited Child Abuse Caffey, John. (1946) n. page. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. . Cohen, Wilbur J. , and Robert M. Ball. Public Welfare Amendments of 1962 and Proposal for Health Insurance for the Aged. Social Security. N. p. , n. d. Web. 5 Nov 2012. . Girdany, Bertram R.. John Caffey, 1895-1978. . American Journal of Roentgenology, n. d. Web. 5 Nov 2012.

The Future of Work Motivation Theory

entry to Special Topic Forum The Future of Work motivating Theory Author(s) Richard M. Steers, Richard T. Mowday, Debra L. Shapiro Source The Academy of man termment Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul. , 2004), pp. 379-387 Published by Academy of Management Stable URL http//www. jstor. org/stable/20159049 . Accessed 25/04/2011 0909 Your example of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, on tap(predicate) at . http//www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp.JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in discriminate, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire do of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may engage surfeit in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial wasting disease. Please cont hunt down on the publisher regarding any nurture use of this depart. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http//www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publishe rCode=aom. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must film the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, look intoers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For much information about JSTOR, ravish contact emailprotected org. Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Review. http//www. jstor. org ? Academy o? Management Review 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, 379-387. INTRODUCTIONTO SPECIAL yield FORUMTHEFUTURE cash in ones chips need OF THEORY RICHARDM. STEERS RICHARD T. MOWDAY University o? Oregon DEBRA L. SHAPIRO University of Maryland indigence The topic of employee plays a cen tral eccentric in the field of worry? both prac see motiva and theoretically. tically Managers tion as an part of the performance integral equation searchers block at all see re levels, while organisational it as a fundamental building been. an overview This psychiatric hospital represents of the field of acidify motive from a theoretical and lays the foundation for the arti standpoint cles The that the Latin on this (mover?. Building as the motive Atkinson defines concept, on direc beguile (immediate) newfangled for movement follow. 2 term want derives from word in the development of useful theories of effective the Indeed, tradement practice. of the sub many topic of motif permeates the substantiate of management, fields that compose man teams, performance including flatusership, decision ethics, making, It is not surprising, change. so much that this topic has accredited over the past several in both decenniums journals and management gunpointicals. xam recent articles have several exit furthest we have come in research ing agement, managerial and organizational therefore, guardianship research Whereas of action tion, vigor, and perseveration (1964 2), while it as a process Vroom defines governing among choice made alternative by persons forms of voluntary (1964 6). Campbell drill and Pritchard that suggest pauperism drug-addicted the direction, has to do with a set of independent/ variable that explain dealingships amplitude, and persistence of an ined how on where this special forum focuses want, we are going. That the questions is, we ask is the futurity of do bestow motivation What theories? are What the critical be that must questions if progress in the field is to be made? addressed is the hereafter research What How chiffonier agenda? we or modify current rides extend of give out so they continue in the motivation to be relevant are entirely new models future? And where to push our understanding motivation needed of employee air and subscriber line performance contemporary organizations? To understand where the field first understand ever, we must is going, where how it has of in ndividuals constant behavior, dimension fects of aptitude, skill, and understanding task, and the constraints operating in the the ef of the envi ronment (1976 63-130). These and other definitions have three com mon denominators. con They are all principally or events cerned with fixingss that energize, over time. and sustain human behavior channel, In various ways, of work theories contemporary motivation to explicate derive from efforts with increasing precision to determine terrelate how these behavior three factors in organizations. inEARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN MOTIVATION THEORY The earliest man motivation to understanding hu approaches date from the time of the Greek and focus on the concept of hedo We review cial are panel forum. indebted(predicate) to the time staff and of AMR effort and to the editorial of this spe for their on behalf philosophers 2 1 For motivation, re cent see reviews Kanfer of the research literature on work and For a much detailed examination see Pinder of the evolution Porter, of work and (1990), Mitchell (1997), Ambrose motivation Steers theories, (2003). (1998) and Bigley,Kulik (1999),and Mitchell and Daniels (2002). 379 380 Academy of Management Review July a principle force in behavior. driving seen as focusing were Individuals their efforts on seeking and avoiding This addle-headsion pain. was later refined and further devel principle in the works of philosophers like Locke, oped nism as Bentham, Mill, and eighteenth Toward issue and Helvetius, centuries. in the seventeenth nism of the past. outcomes would actions tend to this past would that led to positive tend to be repeated, whereas outcomes that led to negative Past actions Thorndike he end of the nineteenth the century, to migrate of motivation from the began to the newly realm of philosophy sci emerging ence of psychology. Challenges immediately arose over the use of hedonism as the basis for the study of motivation. donism had no that go off-cut were specification pleasurable or (1911) re of effect, while Hull was that effort or motivation (1943) suggested largely determined by campaign X habit. Skinner later built on these (1953) and others con with the introduction of op? rant principles to by some as reinforcement (referred ditioning ferred to diminish. s the law theories), arguing learn contingent and their that, over consanguinitys and consequences future behavior. organise to thrive mortals time, actions between that these contin As Vroom explains, he of the painful, type or of even events how gencies models vehicles continue these events could be determined for a particular nor did it make clear how persons individual of ways of attaining their conceptions acquired pleasure pain might the hedonistic or pain, or how be modified assumption the by or source of pleasure In short, experience. no experimental con has or understand ing as well job performance, various management performance 2003). (e. g. , Komaki, While psychologists Reinforcement as explanatory today work motivation and as in the workplace in programs tent and was untestable (1964 10). scientists search As a result, behavioral began to ex for more based models ing empirically plain motivation. were these early models instinct the Among as those proposed ories, such by James, Freud, and McDougall. Instead these rational, highly much behavior resulted as McDougall an tion inherited which attention an or innate determined ere on in focusing were on stincts and drives, managers focusing more pragmatic issues. A key development here was the work of Frederick and his col Taylor move in the scientific management leagues ment. industrial engineering of (1911), along with many background, Taylor on the in his associates, focused his attention in an increas efficiencies of manufactory production Coming ingly posed industrialized a new and workers age. These colleagues pro to paternalistic approach that relied on a combination from an that argued from instinct, defined by f viewing theorists behavior as psychological its possessor of a certain excitement predisposi to perceive, of an class, a partic object, manner to or pay experience ular quality and to act to, objects emotional upon in regard such perceiving to it in a particular (1908 4). James cluded jealousy, identified a list of such instincts sociability, that in managing of job training, inducing pay-for-performance tech selection systems, employee improved and the intro niques, job redesign, including duction of ergonomics.Far from being exploit saw ative in intent, Taylor and his associates as an economic to scientific boon management the use both workers and management through in of improved manufacturing techniques, re and creased shared operating efficiency, the subsequent rise of an in workforce, creasingly sophisticated coupled to maximize with efforts caller pr oductivity re without increasing simultaneously employee wards. However, to discredit served this sys wards, eventually to the widespread rise of unioniza tem, leading in the 1930s. ion efforts amicable scientists and managers Meanwhile, to consider the role of tender influences began on behavior in the 1930s. The role of mathematical group dy as com to view employees namics and the need plex beings ences were with multiple as recognized motivational powerful influ influences locomotion, curiosity, and sympathy. fear, as in around the 1920s, however, Beginning to creased of the surmisal limitations began to be replaced instinct theories emerge, began on drive or reinforcement.Led based by models as Thorndike, Wood by such psychologists worth, the theorists introduced and Hull, drive in motivated of learning and behavior or fu that decisions concerning present posited are ture behaviors influenced largely by the concept with past of rewards associated consequences to this as hedo behavior. (1954) referred Allport 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 381 re these Best noted among performance. are Mayos and Roeth search endeavors (1933) Bendix and Dicksons (1939) works. isberger of this contribution summarized the principle movement that human relations by observing as human to treat workers the failure beings on came deplorable in and, thus, has found considerable popularity on individual to work factors relating research motivation. and their col While Maslow and McClelland on the role of individual differ focused leagues in motivation, (1966 Herzberg, Herzberg to under & Snyderman, Mausner, 1959) sought activities how work of and the nature stand and performance. nes job influence motivation ar In his motivation-hygiene possible action, Herzberg is largely influenced that work motivation gued a job is intrinsically to which the extent chal by for recogni and provides opportunities lenging saw the con tion and reinforcement. Herzberg a job (which he referred text surrounding to as as being in far more factors) temporal hygiene terms of leading to satisfaction and future moti vation. Herzberg deserves credit for introducing the field to the role of job design? specifically, a key factor in work motiva job enrichment? s tion and Hackman extended work job attitudes. and Oldham this line of In subsequent work, have (1976) and others as it relates to research ences to be regarded craftsmanship, as the cause of low morale, and con unresponsiveness, fusion (1956294). McGregor (1960) later built on this in his classic early work, The Human Side mo been prin with of Enterprise. new models of work By the 1950s, several tivation emerged, have which collectively to as conten? since their referred theories, to identify aim was factors associated cipal is Maslows here motivation.Included need (1954) that, as suggests hierarchy theory, which their way individuals up a develop, they work on the fulfillment of a series of based hierarchy necessarily, including physiological, and esteem, security, belongingness, that the first Maslow self-actualization. argued on the list represent three needs deficiency before needs that people must master they can into a healthy while the personality, develop to two represent needs that relate growth of and the development feat individual human Alderfer (1972) later adapted potential. o encompass exis this model just three needs last tence, relatedness, A second need introduced growth. theory of the same (1938) but more by Murray and era, first prioritized safety and and motivation, design, job performance, Deci while others, (1975 Ryan & Deci, including theories 2000), have articulated focusing specif versus on task-based intrinsic extrinsic ically in motivation factors (e. g. , self-determination theory). fully de veloped by McClelland (1961, 1971), ignored the THE GOLDENAGE OF WORK MOTIVATION THEORIES n the mid to sixties, a new approach Beginning the study of work motivation which emerged , on delineating focused the processes underly contrast Process theories ing work motivation. content with the earlier theories, which sharply on identifying focused factors associated with in a relatively motivation static environment. view work motivation Process theorists from a dynamic tionships to human and look for causal rela perspective across as they relate time and events in the workplace. ehavior to the process is a series Central theory genre of cognitive motivation theories of that collec to understand the thought pro tively attempt cesses in find out that people go through to behave theories on and focused instead of a hierarchy concept of an array of distinct the motivational potency succeed defined and clearly needs, including and autonomy. McClel ment, affiliation, power, at any given individuals land argued time, that, that often needs several possess competing serve to motivate when activated.This behavior contrasts notion of a steady pro with Maslows over time up a hypothetical gression hierarchy as individuals grow and mature. By far, most of on in McClellands model focused the attention (defined as behavior of with a standard directed toward competition as a need to and power excellence) (defined over ones environment). have manage McClel the needs for achievement a lands conceptualization offered researchers as they related to set of clearly needs defined to Maslows in contrast behavior, workplace more reverse for conceptualizations (e. g. , need versus achievement need for self-actualization) n the workplace. In our view, the the late 1960s and generated during 1970s make this period of a early something theories. Never golden age of work motivation never since has before and, some would argue, how 382 Academy of Management Review July in explicating been made the progress of work motivation. etiology best cognise of the cognitive theories Perhaps is antepast (or prediction-valence) theory. from the early work Expectancy theory de rives saw be of Lewin (1938) and Tolman (1959), who havior based as purposeful, on conscious and largely finale directed, intentions. Vroom (1964) pre formulation of ex systematic o much several models emerging ences on work motivation of cross-cultural influ and job performance & of 1982 Earley, 1997 Steers (Bhagat & McQuaid, 2001 Triandis, Sanchez-Runde, 1995). to expectancy In addition theory, a repress other theories of work moti important cognitive vation have been since the 1960s, developed its own focus. Adams each with (1963), for exam ple, how em candor theory to explain both cognitively and behavior ployees respond to perceived in the workplace unsportingness ally & Colwell, 2003, and Weick, (see also Mowday introduced sented the first to the workplace. ectancy theory as it related He argued that employees tend to rationally various evaluate work behaviors on-the-job those be harder) and then choose (e. g. , working haviors believe will lead to their most val they ued work-related rewards and outcomes the attractiveness Thus, promotion). ular task and the energy invested a great deal on the extent pend employee to valued Porter believes outcomes. and its accomplishment (e. g. , a of a partic in it will de to which the will lead & Maruyama, that 1976). Adams Bougon, argued both conditions of underpayment and overpay can ment influence behavior.Re subsequent cent work on procedural and distributive justice further develops this area using the fundamen tal concept of equity and its consequences (Cro & Rupp, 2003 Folger, 1986 Greenberg, panzano & McFarlin, 1993 Sweeney 1993). in the late Goal-setting theory also emerged as researchers to discover that the 1960s, began simple hanced Steers showed goal act of specifying en for behavior targets task performance 1968, 1996 (Locke, in this arena & Porter, 1974). Research and specificity, goal difficulty, to enhance each served task on numerous Based empiricalLawler Vrooms (1968) expanded to recognize the role of individual initial work differences abilities and skills) (e. g. , employee in linking and role clarity job job effort to actual Porter and performance. the relationship between Lawler also sensitive and sub performance that this relation satisfaction, sequent arguing of the ship is mediated by the extent and quality in exchange receive rewards for employees job performance. a Finally, feedback that goal commitment Porter and to recog incorporated loop nize learning about past relation by employees in the That is, if superior ships. erformance to lead to superior failed future rewards, past effort may suffer as incentives and the employee in the employees reward system lose credibility good Lawler eyes. performance. Locke and Latham studies, (1990) subsequently a formal theory of goal setting. proposed Earley a time dimension to and Erez (1991) later added this Rosse topic by on examining motivation, the role of cognitive and processing while Crown a number its initial of S ince publication, or further refine to extend have worked scholars to re the basic framework expectancy cognitive research and new theo flect emerging findings retical developments 1990 Mitch (e. . , Kanfer, For example, ell, 1997). expectancy theory has to study forms of work behavior been used other than job performance, ab including employee citizen and organizational turnover, senteeism, Porter, & 1977 Mowday, (Mobley, ship behavior 1973 Steers, 1982 Organ, 1988 Porter & Steers, have also Steers & Rhodes, 1978). Researchers and social influences linked group expectations to individual decisions work motivation (Porter, Lawler, ancy & Hackman, principles have basic expect 1975). Finally, into been incorporated the role of group goals, in (1995) examined on performance. o individual addition goals, of goal-setting Applications theory in the form of individual and team management-by-objectives are straight off used widely in programs throughout (Ambrose & Kulik, 1999). dustry saw significant this period Finally, develop on the role of social ments focusing cognition on behavior and self-efficacy and performance as Bandura such researchers by leading a social Bandura (1977a,b, 1997). cog proposed nitive that self-confidence suggesting theory, to lies at the heart of an individuals incentive a major act or to be proactive. fter Indeed, on social review of the research literature cog nition and self-efficacy, and Luthans Stajkovic for the (1998, 2003) found considerable support in determining role of self-efficacy work as moder related particularly performance, ated by task complexity and venue of control. 2004 Sfeers, Mowday, and Shapiro 383 Based posed place izational research, this extending a model through behavior. on this Luthans concept labeled (2001) has pro into the work positive organ An outside this web site in the subject cause it is no izations) observer that either rom conclude might we have lost interest be of work motivation (perhaps in organ issue longer a pressing or that we solved the work motivation the con con its RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WORK MOTIVATION Many and 1970s and pool cated nessed of the have ideas emerging from the 1960s been subsequently to reflect an further developed and more of research findings research a series methods. extended thereby eliminating problem long ago, for additional work. Neither of these need seems the clusions On very plausible. economy, trary, and e-commerce, dot. oms, as the more ization (as well facturing is force and service in the new replete increased traditional a motivated a with global manu work Indeed, of refinements and extensions For expanded sophisti the 1980s wit of researchers existing example, in conceptual made great strides developments on social and empirical work learning focusing on in new work focusing theory, as they did systems, innovation and justice, punishment, procedural on work influences and cross-cultural creativity, behavior. interest However, by the 19 90s, intellectual in work motivation least as mea theory? t goal-setting theory, job design, sured cline sider by journal precipitously. the number articles publications? seemed As evidence of theoretical of to de this, con to be reward theories. hallmark of frequently MIT econo Indeed, competitive advantage. over a de mist Lester Thurow (1992) observed cade that successful (and ago companies countries) principally nology vated will on compete the quality their human in the future their based tech of both resources. firms), as cited A moti and a critical workforce becomes strategic in such asset then, has Why, competition. so little intellectual there been focus activity we have ing on this important topic? Perhaps the breakthrough ideas that can yet to develop level of understanding. push us to the next on work mo While theoretical developments tivation in recent have declined may years, the world ? f work has changed dramatically. one can argue that the past decade Indeed, has wit nessed other than any are both Companies and expanding (often at downsizing or levels in different the same divisions time, is character of the hierarchy). The workforce ized by increased with diver diversity highly and demands.Information technol gent needs both the manner ogy has changed frequently and location tional forms of work (such now published over the past decade journals & Kulik, & 1999, or Mitchell find few articles that You will Daniels, 2002). in focus on accredited theoretical developments see minor area. exten will this Instead, you empirical) science havioral see Ambrose (e. g. , sions, tests, or applications empirical ing theories. While clearly helpful, to breakthrough leads developments of exist this hardly in our (as opposed in leading greater decade workplace in memory. changes of the principles understanding central work motivation.At the same of time, a review recent in the the most editions of textbooks field of management and organizational be havior tha t most of the theories dis reveals cussed date from the 1960s and 1970s, with to more recent work. references only fleeting curious that some early motivation (It is also theories been widely that have subsequently to permeate continue guilty such texts. ) In short, while of management other fields negotiations, tion design) decision (e. g. , leadership, making, and teams, and organiza groups to develop continue conceptually, substantive theoretical focus developments on work motivation have not kept pace. ng research activities. as those parvenu found Teams organiza in e-com are re merce) are commonplace. as of hierarchy, distributions. of power is on the rise. Managing workers contingent to perplex continues workers expe knowledge across rienced managers industries. divergent And globalization of man and the challenges defining traditional the notion aging stead across borders are now the norm in of the exception. as well The use 3 See 2003) focusing a key strategic mance. a spe cial on issue the asset o? Harvard Business Review (January as of employee motivation importance in competition and corporate perfor 84 Academy of Management Review July can have a profound These changes influence on how companies to attract, retain, and attempt motivate their employees. Yet we lack new mod in of guiding behavior adapted managerial this new era of work. As Cappelli Most notes, observers of the corporate world believe that the traditional between and relationship employer is gone, but there is little understand employee it ended and even is less about what ing of why els that relationship We believe (1999 1). our intellec to redirect time has come new models? and into discovering tual energies new models? f work motiva research toward commensurate tion and with job performance replacing that the this new era. tions work plete, more theories. more for developing complex motivation that are more valid, broader useful in scope, and, to practitioners theories of more co m by implication, than existing In the second, Yitzhak Fried and Linda Haynes examine in which time factors can Slowik ways influence and job perfor processes goal-setting mance in work that organizations. They argue the addition of time as a key variable in goal and validity setting theory adds to its dynamism in helping in in behavior explain employee creasingly environments. omplex, continually evolving work THE ROAD AHEAD With this for papers motivation. in mind, in 2001 AMR issued a call on the topic of the future of work was A special seminar held at the Next, Myeong-Gu Seo, Lisa Feldman Barrett, and Jean M. Bartunek draw on both psychologi cal and neurobiological of core affec theories a set of direct and tive experiences to identify confirmative paths affec through which work-related can influence tive feelings three dimensions of behavioral and direction, intensity, to direct In addition af influence, persistence. an also influence behavior fective experiences on goal leve l their set up indirectly, through and goal commitment, as well of motivation as on components judgment expectancy, utility, and progress. L. Ackerman Ruth Kanfer and Phillip then use to fa and adult development theories life-span an understanding cilitate of the implications of on workplace motivation. aging aging Although as leading to declining is generally viewed cog nitive these au and intellectual capabilities, thors argue that this view may be overly sim is a more that aging Instead, plistic. hey argue in which process, cognitive complex declining are accompanied in other abilities by growth intellectual of motives abilities, reorganization traits. and goals, and changing personality mo how aging influences Fully understanding a comprehensive tivation, therefore, requires com of the different and often understanding taking changes this, Naomi Following and S. Alexander Gilder, pensatory place. Ellemers, Haslam Dick de use self the key to relating outcomes of the Academy of Manage 2001 annual meeting ment to stimulate in the interest and discussion to the call, researchers In response sub topic. ere mitted subse which papers, fifty-six of seat reviewed. quently the journal, many papers worthy accommodated. However, following view six papers emerged cycles, offer new and useful ideas and future directions of the topic. What these for the theoretical In view could limitations not multiple that seem insights development of be re to into in common is a have papers on existing to build of effort theories genuine work motivation and extending by adapting con of the changing them to fit the realities is temporary Todays workplace workplace. hort-term characterized by an increasingly variable, performance among increasing employ interdependence ees in some form of team (often manifested to affective responses evolving organization), the workplace value increasing experience, on the part of employees, conflicts and motive nature of the transitory and a clear erudition focus, of careers. time as a critical six papers a variety address our understanding The tivation Edwin A. Locke in this special issue appearing to forward-moving of issues critical of motivation theory and mo social pro categorization theory and identity cesses to examine in which ndividual the ways to determine interact work and group processes in organizations motivation. The fact that work around increasingly organized to understand it is important gests influence how work is teams how sug groups The first paper, by on focuses P. Latham, on work moti of metatheories the development six recommenda vation. These authors present in the workplace. and Gary motivation. Their paper can have in groups participation explores a power 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 385 on motivation ful influence can be understood what by on individual-level effects. Finally, Hugo lines of research the influences and bove focusing and beyond Crown, D. F. , & Rosse, J. G. 1995. Yours, through mine the and ours exclusively several Deci, Facilitating of individual and Human group productivity and group goals. Decision Processes, motivation. organisational 64 138-150. sore York social across integration Behavior M. Kehr synthesizes on motivation by E. L. 1975. Intrinsic P. C. 1997. Face, Plenum. grammatical construction cultures. An New of explicit and on motivation abilities perceived model. using a compensatory workplace answer some model intriguing, helps solved examining implicit motives in the Kehrs unreEarley, of organizational analysis York Oxford University Earley, P. C, and & Erez, norms models. M. and harmony, behavior Press. 1991. Time role Journal of dependency effects processing of on 76 individual questions concerning goal at tainment and why self-set goals may sometimes be nonmotivating. to the these papers contribute Throughout, research and theo long tradition of substantive in the field of work motiva retical development tion that benefit both organizati onal researchers and practicing alike. managers goals motivational 717-727. 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Bulletin, F. , & Dickson, Cambridge, K. E. Bougon, contex t. M. G. , & Maruyama, Behavior J. 1939. Management Harvard University mance, Organizational 15 32-65. Richard College atomic number 20 cultural Richard quist M. Steers is the Kazumitsu University His current Shiomi of Oregon. research Professor He received of Business, at Irvine. of Management his Ph. D. from in the Lundquist the University of and cross focuses on employee motivation management. T. Mowday is the Gerald B. Bashaw Professor of Management received his and research in the Lund Ph. D. on from leadership the of Business, College at of California University in organizations. University Irvine andHe of Oregon. focuses his teaching Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro Debra ment L. Shapiro, the Willard Graham of Manage Professor formerly Distinguished at UNC-Chapel is now professor of management in the and organization Hill, R. H. Smith School at College of Business, of Maryland Park, and a member University of the Academy of Managements Board of Governors. She her Ph. D. received from conflict Her University. in organizations that the cross-cultural challenges research tend of managing focuses on issues regarding employee how to motivate to manage behaviors and Northwestern unproductive conflict effectively.

Dark Time

Theodore Roethke is one of Americas premier poets, ranking alongside Robert Frost, Walt Whitman, and Carl Sandburg. His 1964 poem In A fantasm Time is both disturbing and dispute as a man veers on the edge of sanity through an outdoor experience. Roethke demonstrates through subject and form that he is a master poet, glinting the cabalistic inner sense of ego that can portray such emotions without being reduced to cliche or juvenilia. The title of the poemIn A Dark Timeis the first clue that all is not well in Roethkes universe.It is the primary indicator that the poem speaks to the troubled half of life. In some ways one is reminded of Robert Frosts Acquainted With the Night, which conveys a deeper metaphor of depression in its surface-simple account of insomnia. In A Dark Time speaks volumes roughly the poem that will follow. Roethke relies on a single simile in this poem, although it is replete with metaphor. In the last stanza, he says his soul is care some heat-maddened summer fly buzzing on the windowsill.One can instantly picture the frantic action of such a fly, its nervous bouncing, ticking and constant action. His soul, being like this, is perpetually agitated. But Roethke has established this interpretation through the metaphor of the dark woods a place where is soul has been caught out in the middle of the day, to that extent plunged in darkness. He is lost here, wondering whether something ahead is shelter (the cave) or further travail (merely a bend in the path). He sees himself dancing on the edge physically and metaphorically.In the first two stanzas, Roethke personifies his tail assembly, an image that most people perceive as a dark figure to begin with. Roethke expands the idea of his shadow to incorporate the darker nature of his self. He meets his shadow in the deepening shade, giving the reader a sense that he is meeting the darkest part of his inner self at a time when the depths of his depression have encompassed him. As with m ost people, Roethke relates a realistic happening as most people only reflect upon their lives in their darkest hours (In a dark time, the eye begins to see).In the last stanza, Roethke personifies his fear. (A fallen man, I climb out of my fear). As some(prenominal) know, fear is not a physical entity that can be ascended or descended. In this case, however, Roethkes fear (his dark time) has become such an overwhelming reality to him that, in order to emerge from the depths of his struggle, Roethke sees this ascent as a physical act. Reading the line in full, the reader gets a sense that Roethke has rattling fallen into an abyss known as fear.

Divine Intervention Essay

The belief in divine powers controlled civilian action in the antique world. Piety, sacrifice, and complete devotion were necessary to keep these gods happy. In both ancient texts, The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Aeneid, this sort of respect and dedication to the gods is seen. Although ruling at different times, both kings in these epic adventures face uniquely different divine powers that wee a diverse way of handling each culture. The role of the gods, although present in both heros journeys, differ dramatically for Aeneas and Gilgamesh by promoter of the amount of freedom the divine powers allow, and how their gods bring each characters culture to justice.The gods are not only a necessity for spiritual counselor-at-law, simply they also substantiate a vast influence on the direction of a somebodys behavior on earth. The amount of direction and guidance they provide, however, varies with the two stories, The Aeneid and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Throughout Aeneass journey there i s a divine intervention with every step he takes. The gods have predetermined his melodic phrase to find a new land in Italy, and they have been able aid him with every challenge that Juno presents. Aeneas has no choice and must follow the entrust of the gods. For example, while fleeing the war-torn Troy Aeneas spots Helen and wishes to kill her, giving her what he feels she deserves.However, before he is able to do this Venus appears to stop him and mentions that it is not Jupiters will for her to lead then (Virgil, give II, 1210-1211). This contendledge from the gods prevents Aeneas from killing Helen, and continues to push him towards his already-planned fate. Even when Aeneas has to leave Dido against his take in will, he is forced to stay on the track that Jupiter intends him to. His heart lies with Dido, however we see that he has no choice when he proclaims to her, Cease to enflame my heart and yours with plaints not by my choice I go to Italy (Virgil, Book IV, 360). T he gods have even more influence over Aeneas own heart, which demonstrates the powerful role their presence foregathers in this ancient world.The lack of freedom that Aeneas has with his own life significantly differs from the amount of freedom Gilgamesh has. Whereas the gods had a hand in every action, plan, and direction of Aeneass life, their presence was not as dominant with Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh was allowed oftentimes more free will by thegods. With little intervention, Gilgamesh is able to do as he wishes throughout his city including claiming first sexual rights to women (Gilgamesh, Tablet 1, 63). ulterior on in his journey he seeks to find im soulfulnessity, which is not a will of the gods, further demonstrating the lack of guidance the gods have in a mortals life on earth.In his epic story the gods take on a more passive role, dealing with the actions of mortals after they have occurred. If anything a mortal does displeases the gods then a negative sentence will be decid ed upon after the fact. For example, when the gods decide to create Enkidu because Gilgamesh is terrorizing his own city. The creation of Gilgameshs soon-to-be chum has the hidden motive to stop these wrongdoings (Gilogamesh, Table I, 64). However, it was not until after the negative had occurred that the gods decided to do something about it. This is different for Aeneas, whose gods already know what is ahead for mortals and no other plan is necessary.The gods not only play a significant role with mortals during their life on earth, but they also play a role when it comes to judgment day. Piety and devotion to the gods during a mortals life is needed in exchange for a positive afterlife. For Aeneas and the pack of his time Virgil creates an afterlife where raft are judged according to their virtue during their time on earth. There are many sections of hell, some of which are reserved for those with great sins. As Aeneas travels he witnesses, Rhadamanthus rules he hears and chast ens fraud all must confess their sins committed on earth and tucked away for atonement (Virgil, Book 6, 1256).Since people expect this judgment to come after their death it makes the devotion to the gods that much more important when they are alive. The gods have a say in what people do during their lifetime on earth by controlling their fate, and also have control over how people will live their spiritual life by passing judgment when they die. This expectation of judgment day makes the presence of the gods much more significant.In contrast, the idea of the gods having control over a mortals afterlife is not present in The Epic of Gilgamesh. The gods do have a great deal of influence on how a soulfulness behaves while living by demanding sacrifices, and harshly punishing those who do not conform to their wishes. However, thepeople of Gilgameshs time were not looking to do reasoned deeds on earth for a better afterlife, but instead they were more focused on leaving a legacy behin d them for others to recommend them by. For example, Gilgamesh is not worried about having a son to lead when he is gone, but instead is more interested in building a hard wall so that he will always be remembered. He is looking for immortality through means of fame. However, even though the gods do not appear to have a role in the afterlife, they do pass out punishments that are sometimes harsh enough to end a life on earth.For example, after Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeat the Bull of Heaven, Ishtar is extremely angry and demands that Enkidu pays for his actions. The gods argue, because they have killed the Bull of Heaven, and because they have killed Humbaba who guarded the Cedar Mountain one of the two must die (Gilgamesh, Tablet III, 76). This argument and decision to kill either Gilgamesh or Enkidu shows that the gods had no planned destiny for either and that the heros actions determine their fate. Had Enkidu not had any hand in these deaths, his life would have held something different. This is opposite of Aeneass life, in which he had every step of his journey mapped out, knowing what his final destination would be.The gods have been portrayed in literature since ancient times. However, as time progressed, the responsibility of the gods changed. Throughout Gilgameshs time, the gods were only concerned with a mortals life on earth. People had as much free will as they could hope for, however any actions that displeased the gods would face repercussions. Later on during Aeneass time the gods played a much more intricate role in a mortals life not only on earth, but in their afterlife as well. Fates were predetermined, but devotion to the gods was still needed to determine where in the afterlife a person would go. Although a observable presence in each heros journey, Aeneas and Gilgamesh face extremely different gods.

Is there water and life on mars?

Unlike Earth, since there are no oceans to obscure the planet Mars, its topography is now meliorate explored and known than that of Earth (Australian Geographic 2003). It has the largest known volcano in the Solar System, Olympus Mons, three times as high as Mt Everest, arid the long-run and deepest known canyon, V totallyes Marineris, 4000 km long and 10 km deep (Australian Geographic 2003).Mars has no continental plate movement, so its surface isnt constantly reworked by mountain-building processes. As a result, much of the landscape is as it was one million millions of years past (Australian Geographic 2003).NASA researchers are taking lessons from the debate about life on Earth to Mars. Their future day missions will incorporate cutting-edge biotechnology designed to detect individual molecules made by Martian organisms, either living or long shortly (Zimmer 2005).The search for life on Mars has become to a greater extent urgent thanks in part to probes by the two rovers no w roaming Mars surface and youthful(prenominal) spaceship that is orbiting the planet. In recent months, theyve made a series of astonishing discoveries that, formerly again, tempt scientists to believe that Mars harbors life or did so in the past. At a February conference in the Netherlands, an audience of Mars experts was surveyed about Martian life. Some 75 percent of the scientists said they thought life once existed there, and of them, 25 percent think that Mars harbors life today (Zimmer 2005).The search for the fossil remains of primitive single-celled organisms like bacteria took off in 1953, when Stanley Tyler, an economic geologist at the University of Wisconsin, puzzled over some 2.1 billion-year-old rocks hed gathered in Ontario, Canada (Zimmer 2005). His glassy black rocks known as cherts were loaded with strange, microscopic filaments and hollow balls. working(a) with Harvard paleobotonist Elso Barghoorn, Tyler proposed that the shapes were actually fossils, left behind by ancient life-forms such as algae. Before Tyler and Barghoorns work, a couple of(prenominal) fossils had been set that predated the Cambrian Period, which began about 540 million years ago (Zimmer 2005). Now the two scientists were positing that life was present much earlier in the 4.55 billion-year history of the planet. How much further back it went remained for later scientists to discover (Zimmer 2005)?In the beside decades, paleontologists in Africa found 3 billion-year-old fossil traces of microscopic bacteria that had lived in massive marine reefs (Zimmer 2005). Bacteria can also form what are called biofilms, colonies that take in thin layers over surfaces such as rocks and the ocean floor, and scientists keep up found solid evidence for biofilms dating back 3.2 billion years (Zimmer 2005).Fluvial Landforms geological features putatively organise by wet were identified in images of Mars taken by the Mariner and Viking spacecraft in the 1970s (Bell 2006). The se landforms included enormous take carved by catastrophic floods and large-scale valley networks somewhat reminiscent of river drain systems on Earth. Over the past decade, images from the Mars world(prenominal) Surveyor, which has been orbiting Mars since 1997, stomach revealed spectacular examples of extremely small and seemingly young gullies formed in the walls of some craters and canyons. These observations indicate the past presence of liquid water on the Martian surface or just below it however not necessarily for long periods (Bell 2006). The water from the catastrophic floods, for example, may have lasted only a few days or weeks on the surface before freezing, seeping back into the ground or evaporating.Furthermore, the networks of river-like valleys shown in the Viking orbiter images do not have the resembling characteristics as terrestrial river valleys when seen at higher resolution (Bell 2006). The Martian valleys could have formed entirely from subsurface wate r flow and ground erosion a process known as sapping-rather than from water moving over the surface. The gullies observed in the Mars Global Surveyors images may also be the result of water seeping underground below ice or from buried snow deposits (Bell 2006). Although these features are stunning and dramatic indicators of water on Mars, they do not severely prove that the Red Planet once had a warmer, wetter, more Earth-like environment with long-lasting lakes and rivers.In the past few years, however, new satellite images have provided much more convincing evidence that st fitted, Earthlike conditions prevailed on Mars for long periods (Bell 2006). One of the most exciting discoveries is a class of features that look like river deltas. The best and largest example, photographed by the Mars Global Surveyor, is at the end of a valley network that drains into Eberswalde Crater in a region southeast of the Valles Marineris canyon system (Bell 2006). This drainage system terminates in a 10-kilometer-wide, layered, fan-shaped landform characterized by meandering ridges that crosscut one another(prenominal) and show varying degrees of erosion. To umpteen geologists, this feature has all the characteristics of a delta that formed at the end of a sediment-bearing river flowing into a shallow lake.Further evidence of an Earth-like climate in Marss past comes from high-resolution images, taken by the Mars Odyssey and Global Surveyor orbiters, of the small-scale valley networks on the plateaus and walls of the Valles Marineris canyon system. Unlike previously identified valley networks that seem to have formed largely from subsurface flow, these newly found networks have characteristics that are consistent with their formation by rainfall or snowmelt and surface runoff. For example, the networks are arranged in dense, branching patterns, and the lengths and widths of the valleys increase from their sources to their mouths. Moreover, the sources are turn up along th e ridge crests, suggesting that the landscape was molded by precipitation and runoff. Indeed, these landforms provide the best evidence to date that it may have rained on Mars.A more explorative possibility is that these runoff features arose relatively recently, perhaps one billion to 1.5 billion years after Mars formed. To estimate the ages of Martian landforms, researchers count the number of have-to doe with craters on the feature the more refers the region has endured, the older it is. This dating method, however, has many uncertainties it can be difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary impact craters and volcanic calderas, and erosion has destroyed the evidence of craters in some regions (Bell 2006). Still, if these surface runoff valleys do turn out to be relatively young, Mars may have had an Earth-like climate for as much as a third of the planets history and perhaps longer if even younger valleys are in the end identified.Yet another piece of evidence supp orting persistent liquid water on Mars is the observation of truly enormous amounts of erosion and sedimentation in many parts of the planet. Making calculations based on new orbital imaging data, researchers have determined that the rate at which sediments were deposited and eroded in the first billion years of the planets history may have been about a million times as high as the present-day rate (Bell 2006).But what process could have transported the massive amount of sediment needed to bury almost everything in the Gale Crater region? (Bell 2006) Scientists believe flowing water offers the best explanation. Studies of erosion and sedimentation rates on Earth suggest that wind could have moved some of the Martian sediment in the past (just as it is doing today, albeit at a very slow pace). No viable wind-based scenario, however, can explain the rapid transport of millions of cubic kilometers of material across large fractions of the planets surface, which apparently occurred rep eatedly during Marss other(a) history. Flowing water, though, has routinely moved gargantuan amounts of sediment on Earth and could have done so on the Red Planet as well.In accessory scrutinizing the shape of Martian landforms, scientists have searched for hints of liquid water in the composition of the planets minerals (Bell 2006). One of the reasons why researchers had long believed that Mars never enjoyed an extensive period of warm and wet climate is that much of the surface not covered by wind-borne dust appears to be composed of material that is largely unweathered pristine volcanic minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. If water had flowed over the surface for a long time, the argument went, it would have chemically altered and weathered the volcanic minerals, creating dusts or other oxidized, hydrated phases (minerals that incorporate water molecules or hydroxide ions in their crystal structure).The emerging paradigm is that Mars had an extensive watery past puddles or p onds or lakes or seas (or all of them) existing for long periods and exposed to what must have been a thicker, warmer atmosphere. During the first billion or so years of Martian history, the Red Planet was a much more Earth-like place, probably hospitable to the formation and evolution of life as currently known. The Martian environment began to change, however, as sulfur built up, the waters became acidic and the planets geologic activity waned (Bell 2006). Clays gave way to sulfates as the acid rain (of sorts) continued to alter the volcanic rocks and break dispirited any carbonates that may have formed earlier. Over time, the atmosphere thinned out perhaps it was lost to space when the planets magnetic field shut off, or maybe it was blown off by catastrophic impacts or sequestered somehow in the crust. Mars eventually became the cold, arid planet recognized today.This new view of Mars is not nevertheless universally accepted, however. Key questions remain unanswered (Bell 2006 ) How long did the waters flow in the Eberswalde delta for decades or millennia? Where are all the sediments that appear to have been eroded from Meridiani Planum and places such as Gale Crater? And were they eroded by water or wind or something else? What is the global abundance of clay minerals on Mars, and were they ever major components of the planets crust? And, most vexing, where are the carbonates that should have formed in the warm, wet, carbon dioxide-rich environment but have not yet been observed anywhere on Mars, not even in the older terrains where clays have been detected? Acidic water could have destroyed the bulk of the carbonates but surely not all of themPerhaps the most important question of all is Did water or life ever exist on Mars, and if so, was it able to evolve as the environment changed so dramatically to the present-day climate? (Bell 2006) The answer depends in large part on how long the Earth-like conditions lasted. What can be deduced is that the past decade of discoveries on Mars may be only a small taste of an even more exciting century of robotic and eventually human exploration.ReferencesAustralian Geographic, (2003) Life on Mars. 08161658, Jul-Sep2003, Issue 71Bell, J., (2006) The Red Planets Watery Past. Scientific American, 00368733, Dec2006, Vol. 295, Issue 6Zimmer, C., (2005) Life on Mars? Smithsonian, 00377333, May2005, Vol. 36, Issue 2